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Lynxes killing wolves in Belarus
Topic Started: Dec 26 2017, 05:04 AM (6,440 Views)
Warsaw2014
Herbivore
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"^ Yeah, Coyote(s) (singular or group) have been rarely recorded killing female bobcats. Thanks Warsaw. "
No problem .here's the most interesting part:

Posted Image
We must take into account the fact that "adult male wolf can be at least twice as large as"especially a big male lynx "

"Moreover, we got convinced that an adult lynx – especially a big male – can win a fight from any lone wolf"
This sounds like wishful thinking.



"Moreover, we got convinced that an adult lynx – especially a big male – can win a fight from any lone wolf. We photo-documented a fight between a not very big and quite old male lynx (older than 8 years) and a (not small) adult male wolf. The lynx threw the wolf on its back, attacking it’s belly. Obviously the lynx won the fight and most likely the wolf died from his injuries. Before the fight we photographed this easily recognizable wolf frequently, a few hours after the fight the clearly wounded wolf was photographed one more last time."



"The lynx threw the wolf on its back, attacking it’s belly.""On the photo you see the lynx is working with the wolf belly. You know what that means"
The image is blurry but I don't see any attack on wolf belly..

https://vadimsidorovich.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/pict0253impweb.jpg

Also I don't know what "working with the wolf belly" means.
The killing technique of Eurasian lynxMiha Krofel*, Tomaž Skrbinšek, Franc Kljun, Hubert Potočnik & Ivan Kos
"We determined the method of killing through autopsyof lynx prey remains. We searched for wounds made bycanines and claws inflicted premortem on the outer andinner side of the skin. We also inspected all deeper inju
ries and recorded their exact location using veterinaryanatomical atlases (12; 13).In 13 cases (ten roe deer, two red deer, and one cham-ois), the prey remains were found early enough for thebite marks to be studied. In all the cases lynx killed their prey with a bite in the neck region. In eight (62%)instances, the bite was from the ventral side of the neck only, in three (23%) cases only from the dorsal side, andin two (15%) cases bite marks could be distinguished on both sides of the neck.In nine cases we performed a more detailed autopsy ofthe region with the bite marks. In five out of the six cases(83%) where the bite was delivered from the ventral side,we could find injuries in the region of the commoncarotid artery (a. carotis communis) and the truncus vago-sympathicus (Fig. 1). In three out of these five cases thelaryngeal cartilages and/or windpipe were damaged. Inonly one case the injuries inflicted by teeth wererestricted to the windpipe



The killing technique of Eurasian lynx (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232710673_The_killing_technique_of_Eurasian_lynx [accessed Dec 28 2017].


Here is additional info:
http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex44/$FILE/684-14.pdf
In all the cases lynx killed their prey with a bite in the neck region
That's why ,"working with the wolf belly" seems suspicious to me.


Also I dont see that the wolf is "not smal".

5month old wolf pup killed by lynx
https://vadimsidorovich.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/mg_8535-short.jpg?w=840&h=570
Looks like lynx "killed their prey with a bite in the neck region"


Lycaon
Dec 28 2017, 06:42 AM
k9boy
Dec 28 2017, 05:54 AM
The statement was vague, so I inquired about it and he says the commonly seen male wolf in question was never seen again after being hurt in the fight. I don't know about you, but I would trust his judgement, given how experienced he is with these two species in particular, and how accomplished he is. He never stated it was fact, anyway.

He gives his point of view, and provides evidence. I don't know where you are seeing this hidden agenda. And i'd say its more embarrassing for you, claiming a well known researchers blog is a set up by a teenage lynx enthusiast.

And again, its his own personal blog. He can express his opinions how he pleases.
My old professor studied raccoons and while he holds vast amount of information on the specie's lifestyles in the urban and natural environments, he isn't at all someone you could rely on in a terrier vs raccoon debate. And on a similar note my friend finished her years of schooling and become a vet, yet many dog specialists like her are under the belief that it is unhealthy for dogs to be fed raw. People can be experts in particular areas in their field of study, doesn't mean they know everything pertaining to that subject.

And likewise we have this man who studies lynx who believes that a four second tussle with a wolf created enough injury for the wolf to die. He reached his conclusion because he never saw the wolf again.

I agree with you.
Edited by Warsaw2014, Dec 29 2017, 05:38 AM.
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k9boy
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its hard to know what your actually trying to get at with all that random data. we already know lynx kill prey with a bite to the neck, as do pretty much all cats.

the lynx didnt go for the wolfs neck because it was not attacking the wolf to kill it like it would a prey animal, from my understanding the wolf initiated the fight, so i would guess the lynx was fighting defensively. This really isn't hard to gather. 'working with the belly' i would guess that means raking and clawing it.
i too would initially find it hard to believe wolf died because of a brief fight with a lynx, but if that is the opinionated guess of someone who studies these animals in close proximity (even knowing the individuals that fought) I have no reason to doubt him.
Edited by k9boy, Dec 29 2017, 05:44 AM.
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Warsaw2014
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"its hard to know what your actually trying to get at with all that random data. we already know lynx kill prey with a bite to the neck, as do pretty much all cats."
Here is real scenario ,cougar killing wolf , from my understanding the wolf initiated the fight ""The wolf initially had control of the fight; the cougar was on its back"
So cougar was on its back but at the end killing the wolf with a bite in the neck region.Right?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXL_ALCRUcU

"This really isn't hard to gather. 'working with the belly' i would guess that means raking and clawing it."
The problem is that I don't see any attack on wolf belly..
https://vadimsidorovich.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/pict0253impweb.jpg
But even if "raking and clawing it." I don't think that created enough injury for the wolf to die.

"i too would initially find it hard to believe wolf died because of a brief fight with a lynx, but if that is the opinionated guess of someone who studies these animals in close proximity (even knowing the individuals that fought) I have no reason to doubt him."
"I have no reason to doubt him"
"The lynx threw the wolf on its back, attacking it’s belly.""On the photo you see the lynx is working with the wolf belly. You know what that means"
The image is blurry but I don't see any attack on wolf belly..

https://vadimsidorovich.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/pict0253impweb.jpg

OK On the photo you see the lynx is working with the wolf belly?
I don't see any attack on wolf belly.so we hawe a problem here.
Edited by Warsaw2014, Dec 30 2017, 05:05 AM.
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k9boy
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that eyewitness could have got it totally wrong. it might have looked like the wolf was in control, but as cats often go to their back to kill prey he could have easily got the wrong impression. similar to that video of the young mountain lion and coyote

but anyway, if you have a disagreement of opinion with Mr Sidorovich, then contact him to try any clear anything up.
Edited by k9boy, Dec 29 2017, 06:55 AM.
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Warsaw2014
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Yes offcourse

"The wolf initially had control of the fight; the cougar was on its back"

Darling, have you any idea of how large (and medium-size) felines fight? Being on the back to them is a bit like being in a boxing stance for a boxer or grappling for a jiu-jitsuka. It has nothing to do with being dominated unless they assume that stance DEFENSIVELY AGAINST a BIGGER or more dominant FELINE. "
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXL_ALCRUcU

"but anyway, if you have a disagreement of opinion with Mr Sidorovich, then contact him to try any clear anything up. "

Yes I have different opinions about the photo.
Once again .On the photo you see that the lynx is working with the wolf belly?
And yes
"Moreover, we got convinced that an adult lynx – especially a big male – can win a fight from any lone wolf"
This sounds like wishful thinking to me.
Edited by Warsaw2014, Dec 29 2017, 07:04 AM.
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lynx4caracal
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Warsaw2014
Dec 29 2017, 06:59 AM
Yes offcourse

"The wolf initially had control of the fight; the cougar was on its back"

Darling, have you any idea of how large (and medium-size) felines fight? Being on the back to them is a bit like being in a boxing stance for a boxer or grappling for a jiu-jitsuka. It has nothing to do with being dominated unless they assume that stance DEFENSIVELY AGAINST a BIGGER or more dominant FELINE. "
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXL_ALCRUcU

"but anyway, if you have a disagreement of opinion with Mr Sidorovich, then contact him to try any clear anything up. "

Yes I have different opinions about the photo.
Once again .On the photo you see that the lynx is working with the wolf belly?
And yes
"Moreover, we got convinced that an adult lynx – especially a big male – can win a fight from any lone wolf"
This sounds like wishful thinking to me.
look this video
lynx fight with wolf,wolf serious injury?
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzI3MDcwNjg0OA==.html?spm=a2h3j.8428770.3416059.1&qq-pf-to=pcqq.group
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Taipan
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Warsaw2014
Dec 29 2017, 03:15 AM
"^ Yeah, Coyote(s) (singular or group) have been rarely recorded killing female bobcats. Thanks Warsaw. "
No problem .here's the most interesting part:

Posted Image
We must take into account the fact that "adult male wolf can be at least twice as large as"especially a big male lynx "




Whats so interesting about that. All you've done is establish that Coyotes in groups or singular have rarely been recorded killing female Bobcats. Have you actually got anything interesting or relevant to this thread, because what you posted has been known for years.

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221Extra
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k9boy
Dec 29 2017, 05:38 AM
This really isn't hard to gather. 'working with the belly' i would guess that means raking and clawing it.
i too would initially find it hard to believe wolf died because of a brief fight with a lynx, but if that is the opinionated guess of someone who studies these animals in close proximity (even knowing the individuals that fought) I have no reason to doubt him.
I dont think anybody is doubting his expertise, but this wouldn't be the 1st time at field researcher has said something that was ultimately wrong or heavily exaggerated. I think back to Beggs (?) account involving a leopardess failing to kill a honey badger (the badger's scalp was ripped off IIRC), they stated the leopardess was 'severely mauled' with 'deep wounds', yet said leopardess proceeded to kill a civet shortly after. And regardless, only instance I'm aware of a feline killing a bigger opponent via raking is an account involving a leopard & a gorilla (carniovrans are much better adept at resisting raking/clawing) . I just dont see how the wolf could be fatally wounded so shortly, especially in that fashion.

These field researchers are fair game, especially when it comes to their eye witness accounts & interspecific opinions, especially ones as bold as this:

"Moreover, we got convinced that an adult lynx – especially a big male – can win a fight from any lone wolf."

"Before the fight we photographed this easily recognizable wolf frequently, a few hours after the fight the clearly wounded wolf was photographed one more last time."

Kinda disappointed that last photo wasn't included in the blog.  :-/
Edited by 221Extra, Dec 29 2017, 07:00 PM.
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Warsaw2014
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lynx4caracal
Dec 29 2017, 11:56 AM
Warsaw2014
Dec 29 2017, 06:59 AM
Yes offcourse

"The wolf initially had control of the fight; the cougar was on its back"

Darling, have you any idea of how large (and medium-size) felines fight? Being on the back to them is a bit like being in a boxing stance for a boxer or grappling for a jiu-jitsuka. It has nothing to do with being dominated unless they assume that stance DEFENSIVELY AGAINST a BIGGER or more dominant FELINE. "
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXL_ALCRUcU

"but anyway, if you have a disagreement of opinion with Mr Sidorovich, then contact him to try any clear anything up. "

Yes I have different opinions about the photo.
Once again .On the photo you see that the lynx is working with the wolf belly?
And yes
"Moreover, we got convinced that an adult lynx – especially a big male – can win a fight from any lone wolf"
This sounds like wishful thinking to me.
look this video
lynx fight with wolf,wolf serious injury?
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzI3MDcwNjg0OA==.html?spm=a2h3j.8428770.3416059.1&qq-pf-to=pcqq.group
Loks like wolf escaped without any serious injury.
Taipan
Dec 29 2017, 04:12 PM
Warsaw2014
Dec 29 2017, 03:15 AM
"^ Yeah, Coyote(s) (singular or group) have been rarely recorded killing female bobcats. Thanks Warsaw. "
No problem .here's the most interesting part:

Posted Image
We must take into account the fact that "adult male wolf can be at least twice as large as"especially a big male lynx "




Whats so interesting about that. All you've done is establish that Coyotes in groups or singular have rarely been recorded killing female Bobcats. Have you actually got anything interesting or relevant to this thread, because what you posted has been known for years.

Ok fine.
Introduction to Population Ecology Larry L. Rockwood:
"...In 1992–1993, of nine radio-collared lynx, all had died by April. One lynx was found healthy and well-fed, but had been killed by a wolf. A female lynx was killed by another lynx! One young male starved. A male and female pair was migrating into the mountains when a wolverine killed the female. The male was killed by either a wolf or a wolverine based on evidence from blood and tracks in the snow.The investigators actually witnessed a lynx being killed by a coyote.Other scientists have also reported witnessing lynx being killed by other lynx or by wolverines. All of this does not happen when hare are abundant..."

SOURCE
Edited by Taipan, Dec 29 2017, 10:46 PM.
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Taipan
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Warsaw2014
Dec 29 2017, 08:38 PM
Ok fine.
Introduction to Population Ecology Larry L. Rockwood:
"...In 1992–1993, of nine radio-collared lynx, all had died by April. One lynx was found healthy and well-fed, but had been killed by a wolf. A female lynx was killed by another lynx! One young male starved. A male and female pair was migrating into the mountains when a wolverine killed the female. The male was killed by either a wolf or a wolverine based on evidence from blood and tracks in the snow.The investigators actually witnessed a lynx being killed by a coyote.Other scientists have also reported witnessing lynx being killed by other lynx or by wolverines. All of this does not happen when hare are abundant..."

SOURCE


Now you are on another completely different species from Lynx lynx and Lynx rufus. What relevance has Lynx canadensis got to any of this?

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Warsaw2014
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Taipan wrote"Now you are on another completely different species from Lynx lynx and Lynx rufus. What relevance has Lynx canadensis got to any of this?"

Ryo wrote"I would like to compare this to Coyote and Bobcat interractions, except it would be much more of a mismatch if Lynx kill even pregnant Wolves."



"The bobcat resembles other species of the Lynx genus, but is on average the smallest of the four"

Ok Lynx rufus (bobcat) is smaller than Lynx canadensis.
The bobcat is like a small lynx (at roughly half the size of the Eurasian lynx,) and coyote is like a small wolf (at roughly half the size of the wolf) right?

And adult male wolf can be at least twice as large as"especially a big male lynx " right?


"A new study in Wildlife Society Bulletin argues that wolves could help the recovery of Canada lynx in the US by allowing snowshoe hare populations to bounce back. How would wolves do this? The answer is: by keeping coyotes in check. Researchers believe an explosion in the US coyote range and population, following the decimation of wolves, has led to direct competition between lynx and coyote for snowshoe hares—with coyotes winning by far.

As top predators, wolves play a huge role in the ecosystem: they not only rein-in populations of their prey, such as elk and moose, but also keep a tight leash on ‘mesopredators’. Ecologically speaking, mesopredators are those carnivores beneath the top predator, such as coyotes. While wolves are known to harass and kill coyotes, they also keep them in line through sheer terror..."

"...“Coyotes have a flexible, wide-ranging diet, but they really prefer rabbits and hares, and they may also be killing lynx directly,” Ripple says.

So, one solution to saving the lynx may be supporting current wolf populations, while considering reintroductions of wolves in viable lynx habitat. In fact, the researchers say ‘ecologically effective’ wolf populations should be maintained. ..."
https://news.mongabay.com/2011/08/the-heroic-wolf-are-wolves-the-key-to-saving-the-canada-lynx/
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Taipan
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Warsaw2014
Dec 30 2017, 12:21 AM
Taipan wrote"Now you are on another completely different species from Lynx lynx and Lynx rufus. What relevance has Lynx canadensis got to any of this?"

Ryo wrote"I would like to compare this to Coyote and Bobcat interractions, except it would be much more of a mismatch if Lynx kill even pregnant Wolves."

"The bobcat resembles other species of the Lynx genus, but is on average the smallest of the four"

Ok Lynx rufus (bobcat) is smaller than Lynx canadensis.
The bobcat is like a small lynx (at roughly half the size of the Eurasian lynx,) and coyote is like a small wolf (at roughly half the size of the wolf) right?

And adult male wolf can be at least twice as large as"especially a big male lynx " right?



Your first mistake was to to establish, that female bobcats are very rarely ever predated by coyotes. Your next mistake was to equate the highly specialised Canadian Lynx, with the far more accomplished and generalised Bobcat. But your biggest mistate was to equate female Bobcats and male Bobcats. They may be as described by researchers, different species:

Taipan
Apr 10 2014, 09:03 PM
Always enjoyed this descrption of the differences of male Bobcats and female Bobcats as almost "different species".

Posted Image
Source : Bobcat : Master of Survival


Male Bobcats can inhabit areas that groups of Coyotes do, whilst female Bobcats avoid such areas.




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Warsaw2014
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Taipan
Dec 30 2017, 11:35 PM
Warsaw2014
Dec 30 2017, 12:21 AM
Taipan wrote"Now you are on another completely different species from Lynx lynx and Lynx rufus. What relevance has Lynx canadensis got to any of this?"

Ryo wrote"I would like to compare this to Coyote and Bobcat interractions, except it would be much more of a mismatch if Lynx kill even pregnant Wolves."

"The bobcat resembles other species of the Lynx genus, but is on average the smallest of the four"

Ok Lynx rufus (bobcat) is smaller than Lynx canadensis.
The bobcat is like a small lynx (at roughly half the size of the Eurasian lynx,) and coyote is like a small wolf (at roughly half the size of the wolf) right?

And adult male wolf can be at least twice as large as"especially a big male lynx " right?



Your first mistake was to to establish, that female bobcats are very rarely ever predated by coyotes. Your next mistake was to equate the highly specialised Canadian Lynx, with the far more accomplished and generalised Bobcat. But your biggest mistate was to equate female Bobcats and male Bobcats. They may be as described by researchers, different species:

Taipan
Apr 10 2014, 09:03 PM
Always enjoyed this descrption of the differences of male Bobcats and female Bobcats as almost "different species".

Posted Image
Source : Bobcat : Master of Survival


Male Bobcats can inhabit areas that groups of Coyotes do, whilst female Bobcats avoid such areas.




Your first mistake was to to establish, that female bobcats are very rarely ever predated by coyotes. Your next mistake was to equate the highly specialised Canadian Lynx, with the far more accomplished and generalised Bobcat. But your biggest mistate was to equate female Bobcats and male Bobcats. They may be as described by researchers, different species:


"Your first mistake was to to establish, that female bobcats are very rarely ever predated by coyote"
I thing yoy are missing my point.
I,m suprised that female bobcat was killed by coyote (single or group) because these two species are relatively close in weight. (coyotes tend to be sligtly larger than bobcats").Now I see that even adult male was killed by coyote.

Taipan wrote: post #6
"welve radio-tagged gray foxes were found dead in
2 years of study; seven were killed by coyotes and two
by bobcats (V. Farias, T.K. Fuller, J.M. Fedriani, R.B.
Wayne, R.M. Sauvajot, unpublished work). All sexes
and ages of gray foxes suffered carnivore predation. Of a total of five radio-tagged bobcats deaths, two (male and female, both adult) were due to coyote predation. "
http://carnivoraforum.com/topic/9396136/1/



"Your next mistake was to equate the highly specialised Canadian Lynx, with the far more accomplished and generalised Bobcat."

No.I'm talking about body size "Ok Lynx rufus (bobcat) is smaller than Lynx canadensis."
For example Lynx canadensis from Newfounland can be pretty comparable to Euroasian lynx .
Posted Image
EDITThis probably is a mistake kg=lbs 38 kg =38 lbs 18 kg =18 lbs

As far I know "highly specialist Canadian Lynx can occasionally take Dall's sheep and caribou"
"In summer and at low hare densities in the north, other
common prey species such as red squirrels, grouse, and voles are eaten frequently, and lynx predation
on ungulates (Dall’s sheep, caribou) and other carnivores (red fox, marten, mink, other lynx) has
been recorded."

"But your biggest mistate was to equate female Bobcats and male Bobcats. They may be as described by researchers, different species"

C'mon man .I'm not suprised that adult male bobcats are typically larger and have more muscular body and in consequence more "brave".You sound surprised by that.I'm surprised that you're surprised by this.

"Male Bobcats can inhabit areas that groups of Coyotes do, whilst female Bobcats avoid such areas."
Yes It would be crazy if female weren't instinctively far more risk-averse than male bobcat.Right?


Edited by Warsaw2014, Dec 31 2017, 05:41 AM.
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k9boy
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from Mr Sidorovich

Quote:
 
I would like to precise something for you. Indeed, all plenty of roe deer I found to be killed by lynxes were bitten in their neck. Right. The same method lynxes used to kill wolf pups of 2-11 months old i have found. However, while fighting with an adult wolf, lynx seems to be unable biting in the wolf neck enough to kill it. Wolf is too strong in its forehand body part. Therefore, the two pregnant female wolves had essential wounds in bellies. The same trying to wound the wolf belly I see on the fighting photo. Quite often lynxes killed dogs wounding in belly, but also in neck.
Also, in my dataset there were registered not one lynx, but by several different lynxes - killers of wolves, killers of weakened wolves let's say i.e. pups of the year, heavily pregnant females, but sometimes a normal wolf (the single case i learnt).
We have really big lynxes in Belarus. Look at the recent photos the really big wolves for Belarus and a normal adult male lynx plus one nice recent nice lynx photo.
You may use this in the forum.
Best, Vadim


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Warsaw2014
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I have a lot of respect for Mr Sidorovich ,but that did not dispel my doubts.

"I would like to precise something for you. Indeed, all plenty of roe deer I found to be killed by lynxes were bitten in their neck. Right. The same method lynxes used to kill wolf pups of 2-11 months old i have found. "

First of all:
"When a predator (e.g., a lion) kills a prey (e.g., an antelope), what parts do they eat first?
5 Answers
Sreeram Srinivas
Sreeram Srinivas
Answered Jul 21, 2016
Amongst carnivorus themselves, they await for each one to take their share before they finish the rest. If you have watched National Geographic or Animal Planet, when the Tiger or Lion kill its prey, the tiger/lion take the tastiest part first & leave rest to fox , jackals, wolf, vultures to finish.
Stomach, intestines contain partially digested matter, so the choice (vitamins & protein parts) is liver, spleen, kidneys. Fox, jackals, wolf eat stomach & intestines. Hyenas eat skin, horns for they have strong jaws & ability to digest them.
When a lion captures it’s prey, it rips open the belly and eats the liver,



https://www.quora.com/When-a-predator-e-g-a-lion-kills-a-prey-e-g-an-antelope-what-parts-do-they-eat-first
Here's Lynx eating its prey (a female red deer)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUE90fhFA-Q



"Lynx usually feed from the back to the front"
http://www.catsg.org/balkanlynx/01_recovery-programme/1_6_meetings/november-2005/Identification_of_field_signs_ppt.pdf
Steve and the team are in the frozen north of Norway. Animals here face serious challenges just trying to survive in these sub-zero temperatures. The team head to the hills in search of the elusive Lynx. Recent Lynx tracks lead Steve to a roe deer kill and they make camp nearby to see if the Lynx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBxVNjA0q0I










from Mr Sidorovich
( " The killed female wolves were heavily pregnant and clumsy" )" Lynxes hunt for weakened wolves such as pups and heavily pregnant females."

"Female wolves in the last decades of pregnancy are clumsy, and when their males are foraging they are very vulnerable."

I agree that heavily pregnant and clumsy female is weak.




"Therefore, the two pregnant female wolves had essential wounds in bellies"
Maybe "pregnant female wolves had essential wounds in bellies" because stomach erea is the most vulnerable part of her body .Maybe "lynx intentionally aimed for some other vulnera-ble points."It seems to make sense,however I have a couple of doubts .
Now I understand that they were killed and not eaten .Right?


And "one more pregnant female wolf was killed by either lynx or wolf (more likely to say that lynx)
Why ?Wolves have pretty different methods of killing.
Summary wolf and dog kills
• Often more than one domestic animal killed, some
may be wounded but still alive
• Wolves consume quickly their preys, dogs seldom
consumed the animals
• Large claw scratches are rarely visible, if present
then rather superficial
• Animal killed with bites in the throat
• Dog bites rarely perforate the throat
• Tissue often strongly torn to pieces (shaking)
• Often bite injuries in the region of the belly, the legs
and the articulations (often without perforations in the
case of dogs

Summary lynx kills
• Often in or near forest (cover!)
• Kill often covered
• Animal killed with a bite in the throat
• Few but clear skin perforations on the throat, larynx perforated
• Rarely, sharp and deep (perforated) claw scratches
• Consumption from the back to the front, over several days
• The digestive tract is never eaten
• No body parts are carried away
• The skin is turned inside out




"The same trying to wound the wolf belly I see on the fighting photo"
It's fully visible in the photo?I didn't see anything like that.

"but sometimes a normal wolf (the single case i learnt)."
General conclusions cannot be drawn from a single case.However I agree that "We have really big lynxes in Belarus"
On the other hand these "really big wolves for Belaru" are not very impressive IMO.
Edited by Warsaw2014, Jan 1 2018, 03:43 AM.
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