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| Spotted Hyena - Crocuta Crocuta | |
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| Tweet Topic Started: Jan 7 2012, 08:21 AM (35,718 Views) | |
| Sicilianu | Apr 3 2014, 10:27 AM Post #61 |
Omnivore
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Pleistocene Chinese cave hyenas and the recent Eurasian history of the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta Abstract The living hyena species (spotted, brown, striped and aardwolf) are remnants of a formerly diverse group of more than 80 fossil species, which peaked in diversity in the Late Miocene (about 7–8 Ma). The fossil history indicates an African origin, and morphological and ancient DNA data have confirmed that living spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) of Africa were closely related to extinct Late Pleistocene cave hyenas from Europe and Asia. The current model used to explain the origins of Eurasian cave hyena populations invokes multiple migrations out of Africa between 3.5–0.35 Ma. We used mitochondrial DNA sequences from radiocarbon-dated Chinese Pleistocene hyena specimens to examine the origin of Asian populations, and temporally calibrate the evolutionary history of spotted hyenas. Our results support a far more recent evolutionary timescale (430–163 kya) and suggest that extinct and living spotted hyena populations originated from a widespread Eurasian population in the Late Pleistocene, which was only subsequently restricted to Africa. We developed statistical tests of the contrasting population models and their fit to the fossil record. Coalescent simulations and Bayes Factor analysis support the new radiocarbon-calibrated timescale and Eurasian origins model. The new Eurasian biogeographic scenario proposed for the hyena emphasizes the role of the vast steppe grasslands of Eurasia in contrast to models only involving Africa. The new methodology for combining genetic and geological data to test contrasting models of population history will be useful for a wide range of taxa where ancient and historic genetic data are available. |
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| maker | Mar 22 2015, 03:31 PM Post #62 |
Apex Predator
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http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/2/20140991 Edited by maker, Mar 22 2015, 03:32 PM.
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| Ceratodromeus | Mar 2 2016, 05:48 AM Post #63 |
Aspiring herpetologist
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Interesting documentation of hyena predation on livestock -- including fully grown cows, and the impressive account of a lone hyena killing a stallion donkey, as well as hyena predation on other donkeys all of the below screenshots are from the book "African nature notes and reminiscences" by Selous, Frederick Courteney, 1851-1917   This next screenshot briefly talks of the power of the hyena's jaws with large herbivore leg(femur?) bones.  This book also contains many exemplary examples of spotted hyena durability and resistance to injury, one i found particularly noteable is this  |
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| Ceratodromeus | Mar 7 2016, 07:16 AM Post #64 |
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Aspiring herpetologist
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some spotted hyena and rhinoceros interaction information They seem to interact with rhinoceros far more then i thought they did from the book Horn of Darkness: Rhinos on the Edge By Carol Cunningham, Joel Berge  behavioral notes of black rhinoceros to spotted hyenas, note the differences between sexes  "Although females of sexually dimorphic species are more vigilant and likely to flee from predators than are males (Berger, 1991; Berger and Cunningham, 1988; Prins and Iason, 1989), sex differences in responsiveness to potential predators may be a simple consequence of neonate presence, relatively small(er) body size, or group formation. For instance, because spotted hyenas, lions, and tigers have preyed on the calves of African or Asian rhinoceroses (Dinerstein and Price, 1991; Elliot, 1987; Goddard, 1967; Western, 1982), it would be surprising if parous females were not more vigilant than females without calves or solitary males. However, for species like black rhinoceroses that are not sexually dimorphic, body size in itself should not affect outcomes with possible predators. In die absence of offspring, we predicted that adult males and solitary nonparous females should behave similarly in the presence of spotted hyenas and lions. Nevertheless, information on 193 encounters suggests prominent sex differences. Solitary adult females were more sensitive than males to dangerous carnivores (Figure 1); females responded to and deterred potential predators more often than did males [Fisher's exact probability test (FEPT)— hyenas: 55% versus 20% (p •» .025) and 36% versus 7% (p " .031); lions: 79% versus 32% (p - .00001) and 54% versus 14% (p = .00001), respectively]. Although male behaviors did not vary in response to carnivore species (FEPT; p - .30), once solitary females became vigilant, they were more likely to charge lions dian hyenas (54% versus 36%; FEPT;p •» .047, n — 56). Not surprisingly, mothers were more vigilant than solitary females (Figure 1), but mothers were no more responsive to lions than to hyenas (96% versus 92%; FEPT; p - .52) nor were they likely to charge one species over the other (43% versus 50%; FEPT; p = .417). These data suggest both subtle and prominent effects stemming from the presence of potentially dangerous predators. Females with young responded in predictable ways to minimize predation on their calves by being more vigilant or likely to charge than solitary females; males, on the other hand, were less likely than solitary females to display overt responses to either lions or hyenas." from Predation, sensitivity, and sex:why female black rhinocerosesoutlive males predation attempts on aldere black rhinoceros calves by spotted hyenas "Predation in the Salient Conservationists have expressed fears that spotted hyenas, Crocuta crocuta , could be killing rhino calves in the Salient. Since the late 1970s the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WCMD) has expressed concern about the effect that a high density of spotted hyenas might have on the herbivore species in the ANP forest, in particular on those endangered species such as bongo, Tragelaphus euryceros, and black rhinos whose numbers have decreased rapidly in the last few years. The skyrocketing of hyena sightings at both forest lodges during the 1980s and the extent to which pack hunting became more conspicuous have also been a matter of concern. A field study was undertaken in 1986-87 to estimate the actual population of hyenas in the Salient and its effect on prey species." "Rhinos can be killed by lions even when adult.7 They also appear to be vulnerable to predation by spotted hyena up to the age of four months. Four attempts by hyenas to pull down rhino calves were observed at the Ark salt-lick during this study, all of them unsuccessful (Table). Three attacks were made on male calf A12 when he was approximately one year old. In August 1986, two hyenas grabbed the calf by the flank, inflicting wounds. A12 was attacked twice again in 1986, and on both occasions the mother, who herself is missing half her tail, charged the hyenas after the calf emitted a distress squeal. In April 1987, a very young calf of unknown sex was harassed by two hyenas and presumably wounded. Again, the mother defended the calf by repeatedly charging the hyenas, and then mother and calf fled for cover. Both calves were seen again after the attacks in seemingly good condition. Four out of nine individually recognizable calves observed in the Salient had scars on flanks or hind legs and one had neither ears nor tail (Table). Earlessness (i.e. lack of pinnae) in the black rhino has been reported from a number of populations in southern and eastern Africa 9,10 Although Goddard first suggested that a genetic character could be responsible for a congenital deformity, Hitchins reviewed the subject and attributed the conditions to predation on rhino calves by spotted hyenas.  from Threats to Aberdare Rhinos: Predation versus Poaching |
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| Ceratodromeus | Mar 10 2016, 07:42 AM Post #65 |
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Aspiring herpetologist
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spotted hyena steals kill from a rock python "One morning in April 2011 in the Timbavati Game Reserve in the Greater Kruger National Park I was on a morning game drive when my guide got word of a leopard in the area. We heard the impala alarm sound, which lead us to believe that it had already been spotted. However, when we reached the impala, we found that the call had gone off because an enormous python (roughly 4 to 4.5 metres in length) had caught the impala and was busy constricting it. We watched for a few minutes before a hyena arrived on the scene. The hyena slowly moved closer to the python to inspect what was happening. To our amazement it then sunk its teeth into the impala and ripped it right from the python’s grip.  The hyena ran away with the impala and disappeared into the surrounding bush while the python slithered off underneath a large tree. I have seen hyena stealing prey before but never from a python. I have never even heard of such a thing. As an aspiring photographer, nothing could have pleased me more than to have captured such a remarkable event on camera. At that moment, I knew that I had just witnessed a rare occurrence and yet another wonder of the awe-inspiring bushveld." http://africageographic.com/blog/python-loses-its-grip-to-a-hyena/#sthash.ibMtBUwn.dpuf Edited by Ceratodromeus, Mar 10 2016, 07:43 AM.
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| Vita | Mar 22 2016, 10:22 AM Post #66 |
Cave Canem
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Vladimir Dinets, UT assistant professor of psychology, examined the unlikely friendship between striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) and grey wolves (Canis lupus) in the southern Negev, Israel. He suspects that the particularly inhospitable conditions of the extreme desert -- and a need for food -- might have pushed the two enemies into an unusual alliance. The study was recently published in the journal Zoology in the Middle East. Dinets co-authored the study with Beniamin Eligulashvili, an Israel-based zoologist. Dinets noted that humans can learn from the hyena-wolf partnership. "Animal behavior is often more flexible than described in textbooks," he said. "When necessary, animals can abandon their usual strategies and learn something completely new and unexpected. It's a very useful skill for people, too." Hyenas and wolves are generally not friendly toward other carnivores. Hyenas fight epic battles with lions and African wild dogs, and take over kills that leopards and cheetahs have made. They easily kill domestic dogs, no matter the size, in one-on-one fights. Wolves hunt and kill lynxes, coyotes and even dogs, their closest relatives. So Dinets and Eligulashvili were surprised when they observed striped hyenas--the little known, mostly solitary relatives of the better-known spotted hyenas of Africa--in the middle of grey wolf packs, moving together through a maze of canyons in the southern part of the Negev desert. The researchers initially inferred this behavior from animal tracks. The second time, four years later, they observed it directly in the same approximate location. It is unknown if the same animals were involved in both cases. It is also unknown if this was a unique aberrant behavior or something happening regularly but never before recorded. Dinets theorizes that both predators tolerated each other because they benefit from roaming the desert together. Wolves are more agile and can chase and take down all large animals of the region, while hyenas have an acute sense of smell and can locate carrion from many miles away. Hyenas also are better at digging out buried garbage and cracking open large bones and tin cans. Both the grey wolf and the striped hyena are found in many geographic areas and overlap in many parts of Asia. But the southern Negev is the most arid place where both species are known to occur https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160317151307.htm |
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| Ceratodromeus | Apr 3 2016, 01:34 AM Post #67 |
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Aspiring herpetologist
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I posted these photos elsewhere   Here is some interesting information via Johnathan kingdon on hipo calf predation and interaction with zebras(From East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3)  Edited by Ceratodromeus, Apr 3 2016, 01:41 AM.
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| Ceratodromeus | Apr 20 2016, 03:41 AM Post #68 |
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Aspiring herpetologist
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curious hyena tries car door |
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| Ceratodromeus | Aug 2 2016, 10:20 AM Post #69 |
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Aspiring herpetologist
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Notes on bone cracking in the spotted hyena from the book The Hunters Or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy     Fig.62 A series of artiodactyl mandibles from the Satara area of the Kruger national park showing characteristic damaged caused by the premolars of spotted hyenas  Fig.63 (a)The incisor canine battery of a spotted hyena, used in gnawing uncrackable bones(b)a giraffe humerus showing hyena gnawing around the proximal epyphysis.(c)Part of a giraffe's humeral head, characteristically gnawed by hyenas.(d) A giraffe's humerus, the proximal end of which has been gnawed off by spotted hyenas, leaving a typical ragged end to the shaft.  Fig.64 Examples of skulls gnawed by spotted hyenas at a breeding den in the Southern Kahlahari:(a) cranium of a juvenile gemsbok showing characteristic damage to the nasals and horncores.(b) A gemsbok "skull bowl".(c) A maxilla isolated by gnawing.  Link to book |
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| Ceratodromeus | Dec 7 2016, 06:03 AM Post #70 |
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Aspiring herpetologist
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Spotted hyena kills adult topi, loses it to cheetahs "In the wild, thieves sometimes get a taste of their own medicine. Hyenas are notorious for stealing other animals’ kill, but now one has been photographed losing its kill to cheetahs for the first time. Safari guide Onesmus Irungu witnessed and took photos of the unusual theft last year in Kenya’s Maasai Mara National Reserve. He first saw a spotted hyena hunting and killing an adult topi antelope (above). Shortly after, a cheetah mother with her three 15-month-old cubs — one female and two males — approached the hyena and its breakfast. The cheetahs chased the hyena off the topi carcass before returning to feast on it (below).   Though cheetahs are known as top predators, finely adapted for high-speed hunts, this case shows they can occasionally put their legs to use to chase away the original owner of a kill and scavenge. This behaviour is rare, says Femke Broekhuis, project director of the Mara Cheetah Project in Nairobi, Kenya, who co-authored the study reporting it together with Irungu. “It is inherently risky for a cheetah, especially one with cubs, to interact with larger predators such as spotted hyenas, as spotted hyenas are known to kill both cheetah cubs and adults,” they say in their paper. The average body mass of an adult female cheetah is 36 kilograms, considerably less than an adult spotted hyena that can weigh up to 82 kilograms. Indeed, spotted hyenas are often implicated in the decline in cheetah populations, partly because they kill cheetahs and steal their kills. But in this case, the lone hyena was probably a subordinate juvenile male that had dispersed to breed and was outnumbered by the gutsy, hungry cheetahs. “I think it is a fluke occurrence,” says Johnny Wilson of the University of Pretoria, South Africa. “It is probably just this perfect brew of things coming together that probably doesn’t happen often.” " https://www.newscientist.com/article/2088753-cheating-cheetahs-seen-chasing-hyena-before-stealing-its-prey/ |
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| Kurtz | Jul 28 2017, 06:59 PM Post #71 |
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Kleptoparasite
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Otjiwarongo, North Namibia, Okonjima Reserve- from Africat foundation. Great weights of huge hyenas come from Africat. The spotted hyaena is the most common and largest of the hyaena species. They are powerfully built with sloping back, long muscular legs, a short and bushy tail and a huge head, topped with broad round ears. The jaws are set with robust teeth and powered by enormous muscles which allow the hyaena to crush and eat large bones. https://www.facebook.com/AfriCatNamibiaHQ/photos/a.1653333698235198.1073741826.1653333651568536/1971789463056285/?type=3&theater  |
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| Vita | Mar 12 2018, 12:40 AM Post #72 |
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Cave Canem
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All Credits to Edrich Schafer 2 Hyenas Brutally Kill Another Hyena November 14, 2017 Graphic footage of the incident https://youtu.be/XWVnLppHGWU Edrich Schafer (39), Lodge manager in the Timbavati, was in for a huge shock the night of Friday 13th of October 2017.  “This whole ordeal took place right in front of a private camp in the Timbavati, Greater Kruger Area. We were just about to put the meat on the fire when we heard hyenas causing a big commotion. When the noises did not stop and moved right up to the front of the camp, we decided to go and investigate. Just listening to the noise from a distance, our initial thoughts were the hyenas were busy hunting down an old or sick buffalo. This does happen here occasionally, and those noises sounded like hyenas during a feeding frenzy mixed with the distress call of a buffalo. With camera and flashlight in hand, we headed down to the river in the front. It took us about two minutes to really figure out what was going on as these things moved in and out thick bush. Then....to our shock, horror and confusion.....2 Hyenas on top of another hyena! They meant war... The one hyena's face, covered in blood and screaming like a buffalo. The noise and smells at night with this right in front of us was something we won't quickly forget. The reason for this can only be related back to either a threat or competition. Whatever the reason was that night, it was not taken lightly by these guys. One also realized that intentional torture was part of it....biting ears, face, genitals and ripping guts nonstop....or are hyenas just that tough that this is what it takes to kill one? There was not a grain of mercy here and this was serious business for these hyenas to deal with. The 2 attackers were tired-out by the end. This ordeal lasted for over 50mins without any rest periods in between. They left the badly mauled victim still breathing. He died a slow death that night. Hyenas are probably the toughest animals on this planet, so when they turn on each other, things get messy. For this one hyena to stay alive for that long is astounding. For me, living here in the wild, I have NEVER seen this kind of brutality before. The next morning, the smell was already strong. We had to tow the carcass away from the camp into the bush about a kilometer away. The carcass was there for another 24 hours and nothing touched it. Two days later it was gone. Drag marks heading in two different directions, the smell still in the air and lots of tracks all over the place. Those tracks, of course, belonged to…..Hyenas." Edited by Vita, Mar 12 2018, 12:42 AM.
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