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Indian Rhinoceros - Rhinoceros unicornis
Topic Started: Jan 7 2012, 03:39 PM (3,429 Views)
Taipan
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Indian (Great One-horned Rhinoceros) - Rhinoceros unicornis

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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Rhinocerotidae
Genus: Rhinoceros
Species: Rhinoceros unicornis

The greater one-horned rhino is one of the two greatest success stories in rhino conservation (the other one being the southern white rhino in South Africa). With strict protection from Indian and Nepalese wildlife authorities, greater one-horned rhino numbers have recovered from fewer than 200 earlier in the 20th century to around 2,500. However, poaching pressure has remained high and this recovery is precarious without increased and accelerated support for conservation efforts in India and Nepal.

Current Greater One-horned Rhino Numbers and Distribution
There currently are approximately 2,619 greater one-horned rhinos surviving.

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Biology
The greater one-horned rhino lives in northern India and southern Nepal. In both areas, the species mainly inhabits riverine (flood plain) grasslands and occasionally utilizes some adjacent woodland.

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Greater one-horned rhinos are grazers, although occasionally they consume browse. When not grazing on land, animals like to immerse themselves in water, where they also graze on aquatic grass-like plants. This species is the most amphibious of the living rhinos.

Gestation lasts approximately 15-16 months, and mothers give birth to one calf every 1-3 years.

Females reach sexual maturity between 5 and 7 years of age; males mature at approximately 10 years of age.

Greater one-horned rhinos are usually solitary except for females with young. Males maintain loosely-defended territories.

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Physical Characteristics
Size
Weight: 4,000-6,000 lbs (1,800 - 2,700 kg)
Height: 5.75 - 6.5 feet (1.75 - 2.0 m) tall at shoulder
Length: 10- 12.5 feet (3.0-3.8m) length of head and body
Horn: As the name suggests, greater one-horned rhinos have a single horn 8 to 24 inches (20 to 61 cm) long.

Other Features
Brownish-gray, hairless, with folds of skin that resemble plates of armor with rivets. The upper lip is semi-prehensile, well-adapted to grasping branches and leaves.

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Taipan
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[quote221extra]Here is an account of a great horned rhino killing a elephant.
The following note on the Great Indian rhinoceros appeared in the United Services Journal, November, 1849. Though it bears out Mr. Shebbeare's opinion, given in the last Oryx, that in general this rhinoceros uses his 'tushes' not his horn in attack, it does also suggest that the horn may sometimes be of use as a secondary weapon. The writer is identified only as ' T. S. ' It appears that he was some twenty years in India and was assistant resident in Nepal under Brian Hodgson, when that distinguished naturalist was resident there. Commissioned to kill a rogue elephant, ' T. S. ' also killed many deer, eleven tigers and seven rhinoceroses ' evidently fauna needed, or at least received, little preservation in those days. It was the seventh of these rhinoceroses which assaulted the elephant of T.S.'s companion, Sirdar Delhi Sing. On being charged, 'the elephant immediately turned tail and bolted, but the rhinoceros was too quick for him, came up to the elephant in a few strides and with his tusks cut the fugitive so severely on the stern, nearly severing his tail, that he attempted to lie down under the pain. But the rhinoceros was again too quick for him, and bringing his horn into play (my italics), he introduced it under the elephant's flank; the horn tightened the skin and then with his two frightful tusks he cut the poor animal so severely that his entrails came rolling about his legs as he fell, undergoing the dreadful assaults of his antagonist.' At this point ' T. S. ' shot the rhinoceros; he would then have shot the wounded elephant also, but its mahout dissuaded him, and the animal died in two hours.
Glover, R., 1956. Weapons of the Great Indian rhinoceros. Oryx 3 (4): 197

I got it from http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=sub_notes&&subject1=9&subject2=34[/color][/quote]
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Taipan
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Rare Nepal rhinos mysteriously disappear

January 4, 2007 - 7:14AM

Dozens of endangered Great One-horned rhinoceros have mysteriously disappeared from a nature reserve in south-west Nepal over the past few years, a wildlife official said.

Authorities introduced 72 rhinos, also known as the Indian rhinoceros, in the Babai Valley, 320 km south-west of Kathmandu, as part of a conservation drive that started in 1984.

"We have records showing 23 rhinos had died due to poaching or other causes. The rest are missing," Laxmi Prasad Manandhar, a senior official at the Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation, said.

But he ruled out the possibility of all the 49 missing rhinos falling prey to poachers.

"If poachers had killed them they should have left behind the bodies" after taking away the horn, he said, adding that just one rhino skeleton had been found during an extensive search in June.

"Where did they go? I have no answer. It is a mystery," Manandhar said.

The rhinos were moved to Babai Valley from Chitwan National Park on Nepal's southern plains under a conservation scheme supported by global conservation group WWF.

In December, Nepal's Supreme Court ordered the government to step up security at Chitwan - the Himalayan nation's biggest rhino reserve - after local media reported at least 10 animals had been killed since July.

Officials say at least 12 rhinos had died in the past six months in Chitwan where their population dropped to 372 in 2005 from 544 in 2000.

Their numbers fell mainly due to poaching for horns which are believed to have aphrodisiac qualities and are in great demand in China.

In the Babai Valley, rhinos were last seen seven years ago when several security posts were closed due to threats from the Maoist rebels who targeted them during their decade-long insurgency against Nepal's monarchy.

The Maoists declared a ceasefire in April and signed a peace deal with the government in November, allowing easier and safer movement of forestry officials.

Nepal began its rhino conservation drive 30 years ago when the population fell to 108 animals from around 800 in 1950. One-horned rhinos are also found in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam.

The one-horned species of the rhinoceros has been one of the greatest conservation success stories in South Asia. With strict protection, especially in India, their total numbers have risen to around 2,500 from 100 about a century ago.

© 2007 Reuters, Click for Restrictions

http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Rare-Nepal-rhinos-mysteriously-disappear/2007/01/04/1167777183361.html
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Trouble for rhino from poacher and Bengal tiger

PULLOCK DUTTA

Guwahati, March 12: The rhino is being hounded by predators, and not only of the two-legged kind.

Royal Bengal tigers, which usually prey on baby rhinos, have begun killing adult ones in Kaziranga National Park since the last fortnight.

Alarmed by this development, a team of experts from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun, will arrive at the national park tomorrow on a weeklong visit to survey the “phenomenon”.

Authorities at Kaziranga National Park have also informed the chief conservator of forests of the new trend.

Tigers killed 20 rhinos at Kaziranga last year, while this year eight rhinos have fallen prey to the big cats.

The worrying part is that tigers have started killing full grown rhinos. Earlier it was only the calves the tigers used to attack but now the full grown rhinos are being targeted,” said Bankim Sharma, the divisional forest official of the park.

Last evening, three tigers, probably a mother and her two grown calves, attacked an adult rhino near the East Haldhibari anti-poaching camp in the Kohora range of the park.

“It must have taken several hours for the tigers to nail the rhino. The entire area looked like a war zone with crushed grass and plants. The rhino had probably given up when it got stuck in the mud in a nearby water body,” the forest official said.

Forest officials later retrieved the rhino’s horn.

On February 26, a pregnant rhino was killed by tigers at Rutikhowa beel under Bagori range.

Gunin Saikia, another forest at Kaziranga, said there have been no instances of tigers attacking full grown rhinos till now.

Saikia said female rhinos generally venture out of the park along with their calves at night to escape from tiger attacks, since rhino calves are easy prey for tigers.

“But tigers always keep away from full grown rhinos,” he said.

The divisional forest official said male rhinos usually stay alone and tigers are finding it easier to prey on them than buffaloes, which stay in large groups.

There has been an increase in tiger population in the park, which could be another reason for the attacks on rhinos, he said.

According to the last census conducted in 2000, 86 rhinos were found in Kaziranga.

“There is no doubt that the figure has gone up since then,” the divisional forest official said.

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/northeast/story_9012303.jsp
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Taipan
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221extra
 
Some notes on the way indian rhino bulls fight.

The present study analyses the aggressive behaviour in male Rhinos of Jaldapara WLS and Gorumara National Park. Ghosh (1991) described in brief about male dominance relationship in Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary and Laurie (1978) studied this aspect in Royal Chitwan National Park in Nepal.

About Male - Adult Male Confrontation

Adult male Rhinos are solitary in nature and form temporary associations with females during sexual encounters. Home ranges of Indian Rhinos show much overlap between different individuals of each sex (Laurie, 1978) and concept of exclusive territory is absent in this species. Dominant adult male tries to establish its supremacy by show of strength with other adult males for mating with females in oestrus.

In Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary there are 9 adult males and 18 adult females at present.

During December, 1992 one adult male Rhino was sighted with injury on the back of the rump with bleeding occasionally in Jaldapara-5 and Torsa 1 Compartments. The injury was caused by intra-species fight with another adult male Rhino. The movement of Rhino was regularly tracked with the help of departmental Elephants and was located on day to day basis. In the last week of January 1993, this old aged Rhino, past its prime, was again attacked by the dominant adult male which travelled almost 10 km from Torsa-2 Compartment and inflicted severe injury to the old male Rhino, which was attacked many times. The movement of the injured Rhino became very slow and appeared to be weak. It was observed that after injury the old Rhino restricted its movements only to Jaldapara-5 Compartment near Chirakhawa river and spent most of the time in wallowing in a muddy water pool or in Chirakhawa river. Moreover, it would not leave the pool unless disturbed.

Intra-species fight

Fighting between these two adult male Rhinos was observed twice. Antagonistic behaviour of Rhinos was typical before and during the fight. The dominant male was observed to keep both its ears erect and forward and occasionally move its head upwards before approaching the old male Rhino from a distance of nearly 100 m. As the dominant male approached nearer the old male, it, performed squirt-urination and rubbed the horn on a medium girth Dalbergia sissoo tree. This display was followed by dragging of the hind legs one,by one making marks on the earth. Soon after, the dominant male ran towards the older male in full speed with lowered head and making typical sound. Older male Rhino was chased for a distance and was-charged by the dominant male by pointed horn in the rump's flanks. During the fight dominant male also opened the mouth wide and displayed tusks.

The older male Rhino once turned suddenly to face the other but again ran after a brief pause. Dominant male Rhino chased the opponent for more than 300m with accompanying typical loud vocalizations. The weak old male Rhino ran in full speed with curled tail.
In another incident of clash similar behaviour was observed with additional head to head confrontation. The dominant male Rhino attacked with the horn and the tusks on the head of the weak male Rhino. Attacks were also made from side to side with aim at the head region. However, due to the movement injuries were also received on the neck and side of front folds. Both the male Rhinos frequently performed squirt-urination during the fight. At the end of every fight the dominant male Rhino totally overpowered the old weak Rhino.

Injury and treatment

After the first encounter with dominant adult male, the old male Rhino received injury on the left side of the rump. The wound was 45cm long and approximately 5cm deep. Subsequently more injuries were inflicted during fighting and old male Rhino sustained 15cm long wounds on both the hind legs below the fold. Bleeding was noticed from the wounds and part of it also indicated maggot formation. It was decided to give treatment to the lacerated wounds. Firstly for' some days long acting antibiotics mixed with turpentine oil wwere sprayed on the wounds from a distance on Elephant back. This-did not helped much. On 5.2.1993, the injured Rhino was darted with 1.6 ml of immobilion drug and was tranquillised. Team of Veterinary doctors cleaned the wounds and treated with Himax ointment, Nebasalph ointment, _ Dexamethasome (30 ml), Conciplex injection (30 ml) and long acting penicillin (240 lacks). During the treatment an additional dose of Xylaxine (150 gm) was pushed. After 47 minutes antidote injection Revivon (2 ml) was administeredintravenously and the Rhino recovered its reflexes. The movement of the Rhino was monitored regularly and it was reported that wounds were healing. The same Rhino was again attacked by the dominant male Rhino after three months and was it reported that horn was slightly broken on the top edge. There was not much severe injury. After 10 months in April 1994, the old male Rhino was injured during horn clash and sustained injury near the nasal opening and at the base of the broken horn. The injured Rhino was given dose of long acting Penicillin (200 lacks) in the months of April and August, 1994 using dart gun. In the last week of September 1994, the old Rhino was severely injured in the head region and was bleeding from the nose. On 6th October 1994, the injured Rhino was trangnilli sed atJaldapara-5 compartment by giving dose of 1.74 ml of immobilion. There were two wounds near the nasal portion and base of the horn. The wound was at the right maxillary position. The injury at the base of horn was 10cm in diameter and extended towards the frontal sinus. The wound was putrified with maggot formation with pus and dead tissue debris which were removed. Treatment to the wounds was given as mentioned earlier and the animal was revived with the help of antidote revivon (1.8 ml). This was followed by spraying o? medicine Himax; Betadime, Lignocaine 2% (30 ml) and Nebasulf. Injection Pendidure LA (48 lacks) was administered five times by dart gun. However, the condition of wounds further deteriorated because of violent encounter with dominant male Rhino in the first week of December 1994. The head region appeared to be swollen and continuous bleeding was noticed from the nasal openings and at the base of the horn. The injured Rhino was unable to move properly and spent
most of the time in wallow pool to avoid maggot formation. It was decided to tranquilize the injured Rhino and keep it in a temporary wooden stockade for intensive treatment and to prevent the chances of further fighting with the dominant male. On 23rd December 1994, the injured Rhino was tracked near the stockade in the grassland on Jaldapara5 Compartment and was tranquillised using 1.6 ml. of immobilion (3.92 mg Etorphime HC1 plus 16 mg Acepromazime). The Veterinary Surgeons examined the immobilised injured Rhino. They found that the left nasal passage was completely blocked by cancerous tissues with cauliflower like growth pattern. Sinus wound was created from nasal passage to bottom of the horn due to maggot infestation. Wounds were cleaned and long acting penicillin was applied intra-muscular. The animal maintained stable pulse rate, breathing and body temperature. The immobilised Rhino was carried on a wooden sledge to near the stockade. The overall operation took less than 45 minutes and 1.6 ml of revivon was administered intravenously. However, the injured Rhino did not respond and died`

Adult Male - Sub-adult Male Confrontation

Intra-species fighting in Rhinos was observed in Gorumara National Park involving one fully grown adult male Rhino and a sub-adult Rhino (5-7 years old). The stronger bull was the dominant male among the three male Rhinos in this national park. Calves generally remain with their mothers for three to four years and are quite protected by mothers. However after weaning from mothers juvenile males are attacked frequently by stronger adult males. It was observed that this particular sub-adult male Rhino was very timid and used to flee immediately on the approach of stronger bull. This sub-adult male Rhino was repeatedly chased by the stronger bull and forced to move out of the prime Rhino habitat. The sub-adult male changed its range use after confrontation with stronger adult male and shifted to central Diana block after crossing the river Jaldaka in the last week of August 1995. Central Diana block is fragmented patch of forest surrounded by tea garden and human habitation and was not considered safe from protection point of view. It was decided to drive this sub-adult Rhino towards Gorumara National Park using departmental Elephants. However, every time it went up to the Jaldhaka river it again ran back to a small D. sissoo plantation patch on the bank of the river Jaldhaka outside forest area. Since all attempts to drive back the Rhino failed, a team of staff along with one departmental Elephant were stationed that area to ensure safety of the animal, with the hope that the Rhino may, on its own, enter Gorumara National Park. However, the Rhino was reluctant to cross the river and confined its territory across Jaldhaka river near zero-bundh. It was then decided to translocate this sub-adult Rhino to Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary. The attempts for chemical capture failed in January, 1996 and the operation was ultimately abandoned apprehending that shock and trauma caused by chemically induced capture may have fatal result.

In the night of 29.2.1996 the subadult Rhino was attacked by the dominant bull Rhino which crossed the river Jaldhaka and fiercely charged the weak Rhino. The staff camping nearby burst crackers and drove away the adult male Rhino using departmental Elephant. The fight lasted for around half an hour. During the fight, the sub-adult Rhino recieved severe injuries in the left and right thighs, under portion of the belly and on the left part of the face. Blood was also oozing from these injuries. It was evident from the injuries that the subadult male Rhino was completely overpowered by the adult bull and felled to the ground. The dominant bull used its horn fiercely to attack and injure the weak Rhino. Again after a week the dominant bull crossed the river Jaldhaka and entered the patch forest where sub- . adult male Rhino had taken shelter. It chased the sub-adult male Rhino for around 4 km towards Gorumara National Park and forced it to cross the Jaldhaka river. The chase continued upt? the Gairati Camp where adult bull overpowered the weaker one and again injured it in the right and left thighs. The injured Rhino took shelter in a secluded area of Medla-3 Compartment where Rhinos generally do not visit. The movement of the Rhino was tracked and it was observed that wounds which were quite severe. It was decided to keep the njured Rhino within the electric fence to prevent further fight with adult bull ana to give proper medication. The sub-adult Rhino was guided with the help of departmental Elephant towards the electric fence area. The electric fence was switched off and part of it dismantled when it approached near the fence. When the injured Rhino entered that area the electric fence was made operational. Firstly for some days long acting antibiotics mixed with turpentine oil were sprayed on the wounds from a distance on Elephant back. The movement of the
injured sub-adult Rhino was regularly monitored and it was observed grazing, wallowing and drinking water. After three days the injured Rhino was seen in the resting position when staff went to spray medicine. It was able to move very slowly and again it went near a tree and took resting position. The veterinary doctors administered intramuscular antibiotic and antipyritic injections including a life saving drug. The condition of the Rhino deteriorated fast and it was unable to move and died on 12th March 1996. According to the veterinary doctors the injuries were quite severe and Rhino became anaemic due to heavy blood loss.
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Taipan
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Rare One-Horned Rhino Bouncing Back in Nepal

Paroma Basu in New Delhi, India
for National Geographic News

March 27, 2008

Numbers of the rare Indian rhinoceros are nosing upward in Nepal, a nationwide government census has found.

Recently field observers counted 408 rhinos over two weeks in Royal Chitwan National Park, one of the last remaining strongholds for the endangered animals.

Preliminary numbers from the census suggest an increase from 2005, when observers reported seeing only 372 rhinos in the park.

Rhino numbers in other parts of the country have remained stable, with preliminary counts suggesting there are 31 rhinos in Royal Bardia National Park and 6 in the Royal Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, both in western Nepal.

A healthier sex ratio as well as gradual improvements in habitat management have helped boost rhino numbers, said Laxmi Prasad Manandhar, chief conservation and education officer at Nepal's Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.

Officials say the rhino rebound is also due to new anti-poaching measures implemented in the aftermath of the country's decade-long Maoist insurgency.

Jungle patrols had ground to a halt during Nepal's civil war, in which Maoists occupied the forests and poaching activities went on unchecked.

"Since the end of the conflict period [in 2006], we have increased the number of guard posts in Chitwan to 34," Manandhar said.

"We are similarly constructing new guard posts in Bardia and Suklaphanta. Those who are now patrolling the forests include army people, civil servants, and members of the public."

Ramping Up

The Indian rhino, also known as the great one-horned rhinoceros, once roamed through large parts of South Asia.

Its horn is reputed to have aphrodisiac properties and can be worth thousands of dollars in China's traditional-medicine market.

Decades of poaching and habitat destruction brought the species to the brink of extinction in the 1900s. Today fewer than 2,000 rhinos live in fragmented pockets of Nepal and northeastern India.

Last January wildlife officials announced that more than four dozen rhinos appeared to have gone missing in Nepal over the course of a few years, most likely due to unchecked poaching.

Royal Chitwan National Park saw its rhino numbers fall from 544 in 2000 to 372 in 2005.

A recent spate of rhino killings prompted Nepal's government and conservation authorities in February to ramp up anti-poaching measures and launch the latest census.

About 200 wildlife biologists, technicians, forest rangers, and field observers took part in the survey, which was a joint effort among Nepal's Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, WWF-Nepal, and the National Trust for Nature Conservation.

The team also included 40 elephants that ferried members through remote forest areas, said WWF-Nepal spokesperson Anil Manandhar, who is unrelated to the national parks division's Laxmi Prasad Manandhar.

The census used global positioning systems for the first time, and observers carried digital cameras to photograph every rhino seen, WWF's Manandhar said.

Full results of the census are expected in the next two weeks.

"The final numbers will give us a clearer picture as to whether poaching is reducing in other parts of the country as well, and not just in Chitwan," he said.

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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080327-nepal-rhinoceros.html




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blaze
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I've finally found it! A study with measurements and mentions of mass from wild individuals.

Dinerstein, E., 1991. Sexual dimorphism in the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Journal of Mammalogy 72 (3): 450-457

PDF is available here but this is the relevant info.
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According to the author, 2000kg is the close to maximum weight attained by wild indian rhino bulls though he doesn't specify which specific bull he was referring to, one can assume that he was talking about the largest bull he measured, at 1.86m tall and 3.64m in head-body length. To contrast with captive animals at this height, there are recorded weights of up to 2700kg.
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Largest Indian rhino bull in Dinerstein (1991a)

It seems adult head-body length goes at least from 3.1m to 3.6m in both sexes. Dinersten also didn't made any mention of the supposed 3.6 tonnes record, that weight, again has no reference... is it mentioned in Wood (1983)? is there any story related to it? It's still a mystery, I know that, in most cases, record weights are around twice the average but it seems kind of unlikely given how, at least in the wild, even old males, at some 1.7m tall on average wouldn't weight much more 1.5 tonnes.

Edited by blaze, Jan 8 2013, 10:10 AM.
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Godzillasaurus
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Taipan
Jan 10 2012, 10:24 PM
[quote221extra]Here is an account of a great horned rhino killing a elephant.
The following note on the Great Indian rhinoceros appeared in the United Services Journal, November, 1849. Though it bears out Mr. Shebbeare's opinion, given in the last Oryx, that in general this rhinoceros uses his 'tushes' not his horn in attack, it does also suggest that the horn may sometimes be of use as a secondary weapon. The writer is identified only as ' T. S. ' It appears that he was some twenty years in India and was assistant resident in Nepal under Brian Hodgson, when that distinguished naturalist was resident there. Commissioned to kill a rogue elephant, ' T. S. ' also killed many deer, eleven tigers and seven rhinoceroses ' evidently fauna needed, or at least received, little preservation in those days. It was the seventh of these rhinoceroses which assaulted the elephant of T.S.'s companion, Sirdar Delhi Sing. On being charged, 'the elephant immediately turned tail and bolted, but the rhinoceros was too quick for him, came up to the elephant in a few strides and with his tusks cut the fugitive so severely on the stern, nearly severing his tail, that he attempted to lie down under the pain. But the rhinoceros was again too quick for him, and bringing his horn into play (my italics), he introduced it under the elephant's flank; the horn tightened the skin and then with his two frightful tusks he cut the poor animal so severely that his entrails came rolling about his legs as he fell, undergoing the dreadful assaults of his antagonist.' At this point ' T. S. ' shot the rhinoceros; he would then have shot the wounded elephant also, but its mahout dissuaded him, and the animal died in two hours.
Glover, R., 1956. Weapons of the Great Indian rhinoceros. Oryx 3 (4): 197

I got it from http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=sub_notes&&subject1=9&subject2=34[/color][/quote]
How big was the elephant? It seems unlikely that it could have killed a large adult.
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blaze
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Contrary to popular belief, large adult bull Asian elephants top at 2.7m most of the time and I really doubt bulls that large are used for transportation, I guess the elephant in that story had to be between 2-2.3m tall. (an Asian elephant 2.3m tall would weight a little more than 2 tonnes)
Edited by blaze, Jan 9 2013, 02:22 PM.
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