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Cougar - Puma concolor
Topic Started: Jan 7 2012, 08:46 PM (39,619 Views)
Taipan
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British Columbia cougars found to prey on seals, sea lions

Mountain lions in British Columbia's Pacific Rim National Park Reserve like to fatten up on black-tailed deer, but also on unlikely prey items such as harbor seals and sea lions.

Researchers made the surprising discovery -- believed to be the first showing that cougars prey on marine mammals -- after collecting scat samples for a recent diet analysis.

They also were surprised to learn that black-tailed deer comprise only a quarter of the predators' diet, and that raccoons are their top food source.

But seals and sea lions?

"This is really interesting; imagine a cougar stalking its way across a barnacle-infested reef," researcher Chris Darimont told the Leader-Post newspaper. "I know of no other account of cougars eating a marine mammal.

"But I'm not completely shocked. There is some pretty delicious seafood out there. Seals are loaded with calories, fat and protein. They're big prizes, and, compared with deer, a little safer to hunt."

The analysis involved 29 scat samples from a vast park area along Vancouver Island's west coast. It showed that raccoons comprised 28% of the cougars' diet; harbor seals 24%; black-tailed deer 24%; river otters 10%; sea lions 7%; mink 4%, and unknown species 3%.

Prey items were identified through scat examination but also carcass analysis in the field.

http://www.petethomasoutdoors.com/2012/02/british-columbia-cougars-found-to-prey-on-seals-sea-lions.html
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Cougars make a comeback after a century of decline

By Matt McGrath Science reporter, BBC World Service
14 June 2012 Last updated at 07:10 GMT

Posted Image
Cougars are moving east from their traditional western habitats

The American mountain lion or cougar is now re-populating parts of the US, scientists say.

Their numbers had plummeted in the last 100 years because of hunting and a lack of prey.

Writing in the Journal of Wildlife Management, researchers say the cougar is now spreading far outside their traditional western habitats.

But they say the return of the big cats raises important questions about how humans can live with these predators.

Posted Image
The cougars' decline was caused by hunting and a decline in their prey

Such has been the decline of the cougar in some parts of the United State that the US Fish and Wildlife service declared the eastern cougar extinct just last year.

For decades mountain lions were seen as a threat to livestock and humans and many States paid a bounty to hunters for killing them.

Their habitats were restricted to the areas around the Black Hills of Dakota. But in the 1960s and 70s the animals were reclassified as managed game species, so hunting was limited and numbers started to grow.

Anecdotal evidence indicates that mountain lions started to spread far and wide during the 1990s - this perspective was confirmed last June when a young male was hit by a car and killed in Connecticut.

Genetic analysis indicated that the animal originated from the Black Hills and had travelled approximately 2,900km (1,800mi) via a number of States.

Now researchers have published the first scientific evidence that cougars have returned to the mid-west and are now to be found as far south as Texas and as far north as the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba.

They say that limits on hunting and the return of elk and mule deer that cougars prey on have been key to increasing the overall population which is now said to number around 30,000.

And as the populations have grown, the territorial instincts of the big cats have forced them to conquer new ground. Michelle LaRue from the University of Minnesota, is one of the authors of the paper.

"What's happening is that, as the young males are moving out of the areas they were born in, they are coming into contact with other young males and they don't have anywhere else to go so they're kind of being forced out of these western populations and into these areas of vacant habitats in the mid west," she said.

The team used recorded sightings that had been verified by wildlife professionals as well as carcasses, DNA evidence and cases of attacks on livestock across 14 State and provinces. And the scientists believe the spread of the cougar might continue.

"I would assume that with the continued management practices that have allowed for the rebound, cougars have the potential to continue to move eastward into areas of available habitat," said Michelle LaRue.

Many researchers are concerned that the spread of the mountain lion will inevitably bring them into conflict with humans. Other species such as bears have run into trouble thanks to their taste for human food. Ms LaRue said that cougars are very different.

"They are very fleeting animals they're solitary and they don't like people, they like to be in remote rugged wilderness areas, I say it's a lot less likely than they'll become dependent on trash like bears."

"If you were in the woods with a cougar and it saw it you wouldn't even know it, it would run before you even knew it was there."

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18425472
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:34 PM.
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Red Dog


Some cougar advocates believe recent increased (subsequent to end of fieldwork from study above) hunting quotas will prevent cougar recolinization of former range:

COUGAR REWILDING makes a strong declaration about the fact that the JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT article entitled COUGARS ARE RECOLONIZING THE MIDWEST has a bit of an "outdated postmark" to it as it covers the period of 1990-2008(prior to stepped up hunting of Pumas in the Black Hills) without noting that circumstances have changed greatly for the most easterly Puma breeding territory in the Dakotas..................In 2010, South Dakota began a program of "slashing" their Black Hills cougar program....... Shortly before that, Wyoming declared their portion of the Black Hills as a population "sink," where deaths exceed recruitment migration...........Therefore, it is unlikely that cougars will establish new breeding colonies in the Midwest because of the deliberate overharvesting in the Black Hills, and also because the overwhelming majority of dispersers in the Midwest have been young males......... You can't have a population without females.

Commentary from Helen McGinnis at COUGAR REWILDING questioning whether there is a large enough population remaining in the Black Hills of South Dakota to spawn further emigration of Pumas into the midwest


From: Helen McGinnis
To: Rick Meril
Sent: Thursday, June 14, 2012 7:12 PM
in a preface on our blog today - http://easterncougar.org/CougarNews/?p=5729
the link above also will provide you with another link to the June 2012 monthly Cougar Rewilding newsletter----excellent source of information on all things PUMMA!



The cougars killed and captured east of the source areas in 2011--a record number--were mostly born in 2009. The "slashing" of the Black Hills population began in 2010. The Wyoming portion of the Black Hills were designated as a population "sink" in the 2010-2011 season, which began on Sept. 1, 2010. We expect that the wildlife agencies in both states will further increase the quotas in the 2012-2013 seasons. The goals in both states is to further reduce the cougar population, possibly putting it at risk.








Our study,released yesterday, concludes it is unlikely that cougars will establish new breeding colonies in the Midwest because of the deliberate overharvesting in the Black Hills, and also because the overwhelming majority of dispersers in the Midwest have been young males. You can't have a population without females. See "Cougar Mortalities in Central North America and the Evidence Against Recolonization East of the Prairie Colonies" - http://www.easterncougar.org/newltr_pdf/crfnew_June12.pdf


That report is based on a spreadsheet of mortalities and captures of cougars outside recognized breeding colonies between 2000 and 2011. The year 2011 saw a record 15 mortalities and one capture (the only female). By June 14tth in 2011, there had been 7 mortalities in central North America, including Manitoba, an one capture. So far this year, we have learned of only one capture and no mortalities. We suspect that the drastic reduction in the Black Hills population is cutting off the supply of young dispersers leaving the hills




Cougar Rewilding's Vice President, Dr. John Laundre, is the author of a new book, PHANTOMS OF THE PRAIRIE: THE RETURN OF COUGARS TO THE MIDWEST. He is also the author of more than 20 scientific articles on cougar ecology. You might want to interview him - launjohn@hotmail.com 315-216-4370; cell 315-529-3759. He was interviewed for the article published in the Pioneer Press yesterday - http://www.twincities.com/outdoors/ci_20853808/cougars-mount-comeback-across-midwest


Also, we aren't aware of any confirmations in Nebraska this year outside the breeding colony in the Pine Ridge and the immediate vicinity. Helen McGinnis
Blog Editor
Cougar Rewilding Foundation
http://www.cougarrewilding.org/
304-227-4166


Here is the link to the Cougar Rewilding monthly newsletter -

Here is the link - http://www.blogger.com/goog_1049524351


http://coyotes-wolves-cougars.blogspot.com/2012/06/cougar-rewilding-makes-strong.html










Aldo Leopold
''To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering."


























































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Go West, Young Lion: New Study Shows Mountain Lions Dispersing from Nevada to California

Posted Image
This is a female mountain lion captured and collared in western Nevada for the field component of study.

ScienceDaily (Oct. 5, 2012) — Using data collected over the course of seven years, the study looked at DNA in tissue samples collected from 739 mountain lions. In the first-of-its-kind study at this scale, the authors used only the gathered genetic information to discover population structures and history, and to identify what areas in the region serve as "sinks" (habitat that animals move to at a greater rate than they disperse from) and "sources" (areas that animals disperse from at a greater rate to live elsewhere).
The study, "Identification of Source-Sink Dynamics in Mountain Lions of the Great Basin" appears online in August's early-view edition of the journal Molecular Ecology. Authors of the study include: Alyson M. Andreasen of the University of Nevada; Jon P. Beckmann of WCS; and Matthew L. Forester, William S. Longland, and Kelley M. Stewart of the University of Nevada.
The scientists expected to see an influx of lions from California, where lions are not hunted, into Nevada where mountain lion hunting is allowed and leaves vacant territories for outside lions to claim. The opposite occurred. Lions mostly moved in a north and south direction following the topography of the many mountain ranges throughout the area, resulting in distinct genetic populations. However, when moving between populations in an east or west direction, the results suggested that more lions moved west from Central Nevada to the mountains of the Sierra Nevada, than vice versa -- potentially taking advantage of better habitat quality.
Study author and University of Nevada PhD student Alyson Andreasen said, "The results are surprising and telling in that in most situations where you have hunting, the animals move in the direction of the resultant vacant territories. While this appears to be occurring in other areas of the state, habitat differences between the Sierra Nevada and the arid Great Basin may be attracting dispersal age mountain lions west into California whereas the abrupt ecotone may act as a barrier for lions residing in the Sierra Nevada."
Study co-author and WCS Scientist Jon Beckmann said, "In this case, a hunted population is the source for the non-hunted/protected population. This is somewhat counterintuitive: Some might think that in remote mountainous terrain of Nevada, the impacts of hunting on lion populations would outweigh those associated with more people and roadways in the Sierra of California but this appears to not be the case."
The scientists are currently working on questions arising from this study and on studies to discern how mountain lions interact with other species and select habitat in the region.

Story Source: Wildlife Conservation Society. "Go west, young lion: New study shows mountain lions dispersing from Nevada to California." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121009093231.htm (accessed October 11, 2017).




Journal Reference:
Alyson M. Andreasen, Kelley M. Stewart, William S. Longland, Jon P. Beckmann, Matthew L. Forister. Identification of source-sink dynamics in mountain lions of the Great Basin. Molecular Ecology, 2012; DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05740.x

Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic boundaries have been shown to affect population dynamics and population structure for many species with movement patterns at the landscape level. Understanding population boundaries and movement rates in the field for species that are cryptic and occur at low densities is often extremely difficult and logistically prohibitive; however genetic techniques may offer insights that have previously been unattainable. We analysed thirteen microsatellite loci for 739 mountain lions (Puma concolor) using muscle tissue samples from individuals in the Great Basin throughout Nevada and the Sierra Nevada mountain range to test the hypothesis that heterogeneous hunting pressure results in source-sink dynamics at the landscape scale. We used a combination of non-spatial and spatial model-based Bayesian clustering methods to identify genetic populations. We then used a recently developed Bayesian multilocus genotyping method to estimate asymmetrical rates of contemporary movement between those subpopulations and to identify source and sink populations. We identified two populations at the highest level of genetic structuring with a total of five subpopulations in the Great Basin of Nevada and the Sierra Nevada range. Our results suggest that source-sink dynamics occur at landscape scales for wide-ranging species, such as mountain lions, and that source populations may be those that are under relatively less hunting pressure and that occupy refugia.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05740.x/abstract;jsessionid=880967FBB13F4B0564F09D55D4304AEC.f03t03
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:37 PM.
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Deny, deny, deny.
[ *  *  *  *  *  * ]
Here is a great-very informative read on the Texas ( agro ) Puma.
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Condors Drive Cougars to Kill More

Douglas Main, OurAmazingPlanet Staff Writer
Date: 07 January 2013 Time: 04:42 PM ET

Posted Image
Portrait of an adult male puma, with a GPS collar.

Cougar biologist Mark Elbroch spent more than a year in South America's Patagonia region tracking down pumas and recording what they hunt and eat, riding on a horse for up to 21 hours at a time. In the course of his research, Elbroch noticed something odd: Patagonian pumas kill about 50 percent more animals than their North American counterparts and spend less time feeding on their hard-earned meals. But why?

According to a study Elbroch co-authored and which was published earlier this month in the journal PLoS One, the cougars abandon their kills due to harassment from Andean condors, a near-threatened scavenging bird, Elbroch told OurAmazingPlanet. This came as a surprise, however, since the condors are physically much smaller than these mountain lions, and don't directly threaten the big cats, he said.

"Mountain lions under the pressure of condors act like squirrels do under the pressure of owls," acting more skittish, Elbroch said.

Skittish in the grasslands

Elbroch said this unique behavior primarily occurs in the open grasslands, where the animal's favorite prey — the guanaco, a large animal in the camel family — are most plentiful. When Patagonian pumas make a kill in the forest, however, they've been known to stay with it for up to a week, gorging themselves and only leaving after they're full (they typically get full before the meat runs out). Condors cannot land in the forest, however, since they travel awkwardly on land and can't negotiate wooded areas.

Posted Image
Large condors and smaller southern caracaras surround a guanaco killed by an adult female puma.

To make up for the relatively brief amount of time spent with kills in the grassland, the big cats must kill more prey to get the same amount of meat, said Elbroch, who works for Panthera, a conservation group dedicated to preserving big cats.

North American cougars (also known as pumas, mountain lions, panthers and catamounts) usually only leave their kills when chased away by larger animals like bears or wolves, Elbroch said. Although condors don't chase the cats away, apparently their presence is irritating enough to drive away the cats. Condors rarely land alone, arriving with a coterie of sharp-beaked kin.

Elbroch said the cats' skittishness may also owe something to the presence of humans, primarily sheep herders, in the Patagonian grasslands. Humans have extensively hunted mountain lions in the past. But cougars have rebounded slightly in the past decade or so as demand for wool, and hence sheep, has declined, Elbroch said.

A lot of meat

Female cougars weigh about 85 pounds (39 kilograms), while males average about 150 pounds (68 kg), Elbroch said. On average, they eat about 5 to 7 pounds (2 to 4 kg) of meat per day, only about a quarter of what they catch, he said. Full-grown guanacos weigh about 250 pounds (113 kg).

Posted Image
An adult male condor in flight.

"I believe this is the first study to quantify how much meat is lost, and how much extra hunting pumas are forced to do — at considerable risk — to feed these 'kleptoparasites,'" said Paul Beier, a researcher at Northern Arizona University, referring to the many animals that make a meal of the cougar's table scraps. Beier wasn't involved in Elbroch's research. Up to 17 different animals depend upon cougar kills for food, Elbroch said.

"They are providing a lot of meat to their community — they are truly a keystone species," Elbroch said, referring to a species that provides multiple irreplaceable services that keep an ecosystem productive.

Elbroch spent more than 1.5 years in Patagonia, conducting most of his work in the Chacabuco Valley, in southern Chile near the border with Argentina. There is only one road in the area, meaning much of his work had to be done on horseback and on foot. Luckily, Patagonia offers some of the most breathtaking landscapes in the world.

His group tracked cougars using dogs, often chasing the cougars for up to five hours. Then they'd dart the cougars, before attaching a collar with a GPS tracking device and letting them go free. Information gathered from the collars allowed Elbroch to know where the cougar had traveled and spent the night, after which he'd see if he could find what the cougar had been eating. His group recorded 266 different carcasses, the large majority of which were guanacos.

Posted Image
A mountain toward the eastern edge of Patagonia's Chacabuco Valley.

http://www.livescience.com/26048-condors-make-pumas-kill-more.html
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:42 PM.
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Red Dog


Taipan
Jan 8 2013, 02:49 PM
Condors Drive Cougars to Kill More

Douglas Main, OurAmazingPlanet Staff Writer
Date: 07 January 2013 Time: 04:42 PM ET

Posted Image
Portrait of an adult male puma, with a GPS collar.

Cougar biologist Mark Elbroch spent more than a year in South America's Patagonia region tracking down pumas and recording what they hunt and eat, riding on a horse for up to 21 hours at a time. In the course of his research, Elbroch noticed something odd: Patagonian pumas kill about 50 percent more animals than their North American counterparts and spend less time feeding on their hard-earned meals. But why?

According to a study Elbroch co-authored and which was published earlier this month in the journal PLoS One, the cougars abandon their kills due to harassment from Andean condors, a near-threatened scavenging bird, Elbroch told OurAmazingPlanet. This came as a surprise, however, since the condors are physically much smaller than these mountain lions, and don't directly threaten the big cats, he said.

"Mountain lions under the pressure of condors act like squirrels do under the pressure of owls," acting more skittish, Elbroch said.

Skittish in the grasslands

Elbroch said this unique behavior primarily occurs in the open grasslands, where the animal's favorite prey — the guanaco, a large animal in the camel family — are most plentiful. When Patagonian pumas make a kill in the forest, however, they've been known to stay with it for up to a week, gorging themselves and only leaving after they're full (they typically get full before the meat runs out). Condors cannot land in the forest, however, since they travel awkwardly on land and can't negotiate wooded areas.

Posted Image
Large condors and smaller southern caracaras surround a guanaco killed by an adult female puma.

To make up for the relatively brief amount of time spent with kills in the grassland, the big cats must kill more prey to get the same amount of meat, said Elbroch, who works for Panthera, a conservation group dedicated to preserving big cats.

North American cougars (also known as pumas, mountain lions, panthers and catamounts) usually only leave their kills when chased away by larger animals like bears or wolves, Elbroch said. Although condors don't chase the cats away, apparently their presence is irritating enough to drive away the cats. Condors rarely land alone, arriving with a coterie of sharp-beaked kin.

Elbroch said the cats' skittishness may also owe something to the presence of humans, primarily sheep herders, in the Patagonian grasslands. Humans have extensively hunted mountain lions in the past. But cougars have rebounded slightly in the past decade or so as demand for wool, and hence sheep, has declined, Elbroch said.

A lot of meat

Female cougars weigh about 85 pounds (39 kilograms), while males average about 150 pounds (68 kg), Elbroch said. On average, they eat about 5 to 7 pounds (2 to 4 kg) of meat per day, only about a quarter of what they catch, he said. Full-grown guanacos weigh about 250 pounds (113 kg).

Posted Image
An adult male condor in flight.

"I believe this is the first study to quantify how much meat is lost, and how much extra hunting pumas are forced to do — at considerable risk — to feed these 'kleptoparasites,'" said Paul Beier, a researcher at Northern Arizona University, referring to the many animals that make a meal of the cougar's table scraps. Beier wasn't involved in Elbroch's research. Up to 17 different animals depend upon cougar kills for food, Elbroch said.

"They are providing a lot of meat to their community — they are truly a keystone species," Elbroch said, referring to a species that provides multiple irreplaceable services that keep an ecosystem productive.

Elbroch spent more than 1.5 years in Patagonia, conducting most of his work in the Chacabuco Valley, in southern Chile near the border with Argentina. There is only one road in the area, meaning much of his work had to be done on horseback and on foot. Luckily, Patagonia offers some of the most breathtaking landscapes in the world.

His group tracked cougars using dogs, often chasing the cougars for up to five hours. Then they'd dart the cougars, before attaching a collar with a GPS tracking device and letting them go free. Information gathered from the collars allowed Elbroch to know where the cougar had traveled and spent the night, after which he'd see if he could find what the cougar had been eating. His group recorded 266 different carcasses, the large majority of which were guanacos.

Posted Image
A mountain toward the eastern edge of Patagonia's Chacabuco Valley.

http://www.livescience.com/26048-condors-make-pumas-kill-more.html
Very interesting study - similar to ravens and wolves. Maybe Patagonian cougars should form packs to utilize more of carcasses like wolves do with ravens? LOL
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:43 PM.
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Scientists tracking panther released in Palm Beach County
Posted: 1:39 p.m. Sunday, May 19, 2013

Posted Image
Thanks to the wonders of GPS, wildlife officials have tracked FP223’s whereabouts.

BY CHRISTINE STAPLETON - PALM BEACH POST STAFF WRITER

FP223 — the rare Florida panther raised in captivity and released in southwest Palm Beach County last month — is doing all the things a wild panther should be doing: killing and roaming.
Thanks to advancements in GPS technology, wildlife scientists are able to monitor the big cat’s whereabouts. Knowing when and where the male panther has been allows scientists to track it on a computer screen — and in the wild.

The good news is that within 24 hours of its April 3 release, scientists retraced the cat’s tracks and found the carcass of a coyote it killed — meaning the panther’s natural hunting instincts were developed in captivity at the White Oak Conservation Center, a 600-acre conservation center in northeast Florida dedicated to preserving endangered species. An armadillo also fell victim to the cat.

Panthers at White Oak are kept in large naturalistic enclosures and have little interaction with people so they can maintain their wildness and natural instincts. Keepers and veterinarians at White Oak monitor the cats remotely through the use of camera traps and radio telemetry collars to reduce human contact

“His behavior is what we expect for a wild panther,” said Dave Onorata, a panther research scientist with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Why the panther is moving to the northwest isn’t known. “We can’t say what they’re thinking while they are moving along,” he said.

Shortly after its release, the panther headed east but then turned around and headed west until it reached a canal, which it followed for seven miles before heading northwest toward other panther habitat in Hendry and Collier counties. That could mean trouble, Onorata said.

“Young males have a harder task ahead of them,” Onorata said. Especially when it comes to their first encounter with another male who has already claimed its territory. “He’s going to have his challenges. None of us will be surprised if he gets killed by another male.”

A male panther’s home range can be as large as 200 square miles and include two to five females. In its first month of freedom, FP223 had already roamed 24 miles.

While there are fewer than 160 Florida panthers in the wild, panther-on-panther deaths are common because of the loss of habitat to development. Three of the nine panther fatalities this year were panthers killed by other panthers. One was an older female and two were young males. Vehicles are believed to have killed the others.

The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission rescued FP223 and its sister as 5-month-old kittens in September 2011 in northern Collier County after their mother was found dead. Both were taken to the White Oak Conservation Center in Yulee, where they were raised.

On Feb. 1 the sister was released into the Picayune Strand State Forest in Collier County after scientists evaluated the home ranges of other females in the region and found available space between them. She, too, has acclimated to the wild, Onorata said.

The Florida panther is among the most endangered large mammals on the planet, with a population estimated between 100 and 160. FP223 was the sixth was just the sixth captive panther released in the wild in 15 years. His sister was the fifth.

And there could be a seventh soon. Wildlife officials recently recovered a nine-month-old female cat found hiding in thick brush with a badly broken leg. Veterinarians used a steel plate to repair the compound break. The panther was also taken to the White Oak Conservation Center, where it will remain until ready for release.

http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/news/state-regional/scientists-tracking-panther-released-in-palm-beach/nXwnF/?icmp=pbp_internallink_textlink_apr2013_pbpstubtomypbp_launch
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:44 PM.
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Mountain Lion Family Feast Caught on Camera

By Becky Oskin, Staff Writer | February 28, 2014 04:04pm ET

Posted Image
The male kitten, dubbed P-30, checks out the camera.

With an adorably wrinkled nose, a mountain lion cub honed her hunting skills earlier this month on a dead mule deer caught by mom in California's Malibu Creek State Park.

The female mountain lion cub, called P-28 by wildlife biologists, tested her "kill bite" on the deer's neck, while her brother, dubbed P-30, attacked the rest of the carcass. A remotely activated camera captured the nighttime feast for researchers who are tracking the cougar family at the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. (Mountain lion and cougar are two names for the same animal.)

Biologists set up the DSLR camera at the deer kill site during the day, then recovered more than 350 images after the family finished feeding on the carcass, which took two days.

The kittens seen in the pictures are about 10 months old and were tagged with trackers when they were three weeks old. Their mother, P-13, is wearing a GPS collar.

Mule deer are a popular menu item for Santa Monica mountain lions. The National Park Service has tracked more than 30 mountain lions in the Santa Monica Mountains since 2002, part of a long-term study monitoring the health of the cougar population here. Of the 400 kills discovered during the study, more than 95 percent have been mule deer, said park spokeswoman Kate Kuykendall.

Mountain lions are not an endangered species in California, and the Santa Monica park offers good habitat for the charismatic cats. The park's adult mountain lion population is currently estimated at 15 adults.

But the mountain lion group faces several long-term challenges to its survival, the ongoing study shows.

The small population means there are too few adults for long-term genetic diversity, leading to in-breeding. Freeways, the ocean and agricultural development trap the cats in an island of habitat. Many cats lose their lives trying to cross local roads. Three local mountain lion kittens have been killed by vehicles in 2014.

"In the 12 years we've been studying these animals we've only had one successfully cross from the north to the south, bringing new genetic material," Kuykendall said.

The barriers to movement also mean young males can't strike out for new territory. The leading cause of death in the population is inter-species fighting, or lion-on-lion conflicts, Kuykendall said. "They are solitary and territorial animals," she said.

To increase genetic diversity and reduce deaths, the Park Service supports building a wildlife crossing near the Liberty Canyon exit along the 101 Freeway in Agoura Hills, Kuykendall said.

Posted Image
These amazing images of a mountain lion family feasting on a mule deer carcass were captured with a remotely-activated camera in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. The adorable cubs, one female, one male, practiced their hunting skills on the dead deer while their mother kept a protective watch. While rare in Southern California, the charismatic cats are not considered an endangered species. The cubs are about 10 months old.

Posted Image
The female cub, called P-28 by wildlife biologists, tested her "kill bite" on the deer's neck.

Posted Image
Mother mountain lion P-13, who brought down the deer.

Posted Image
The male kitten, dubbed P-30, checks out the camera. Mom is in the background, wearing a GPS collar.

Posted Image
The girl cub, P-28, seems curious about the commotion.

http://www.livescience.com/43772-mountain-lions-feast-on-deer.html
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:48 PM.
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Sad news on the Santa Monica Mountains Cougars:

P15 was an adult male mountain lion that was tracked by the National Park Service for several years in the Santa Monica Mountains. He is the only case, that we know of, of a mountain lion that died in the Santa Monica Mountains as a result of poaching. The circumstances of his death were unclear, but he was likely killed, possibly by gunshot, on private land. His body was mutilated and dumped in a public park area. Unfortunately, Department of Fish and Wildlife were unable to determine who killed P15. His collar was destroyed by the poacher, and so biologists were unable to determine the area where he died.

Posted Image

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Cougars' Diverse Diet Helped Them Survive Pleistocene Mass Extinction

Date: April 22, 2014
Source: Vanderbilt University
Summary:
Cougars may have survived the mass extinction that took place about 12,000 years ago because they were not particular about what they ate, unlike their more finicky cousins the saber-tooth cat and American lion who perished, according a new analysis of the microscopic wear marks on the teeth of fossil cougars, saber-tooth cats and American lions.

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Larisa DeSantis studying the teeth of extinct saber-tooth cats, American lions and cougars at La Brea Tar Pits.

Cougars may have survived the mass extinction that took place about 12,000 years ago because they were not particular about what they ate, unlike their more finicky cousins -- the saber-tooth cat and American lion. Both perished along with the woolly mammoth and many of the other supersized mammals that walked Earth during the late Pleistocene.
That is the conclusion of a new analysis of the microscopic wear marks on the teeth of cougars, saber-tooth cats and American lions described in the April 23 issue of the journal Biology Letters.
"Before the Late Pleistocene extinction six species of large cats roamed the plains and forests of North America. Only two -- the cougar and jaguar -- survived. The goal of our study was to examine the possibility that dietary factors can explain the cougar's survival," said Larisa R.G. DeSantis, assistant professor of earth and environmental sciences at Vanderbilt University, who co-authored the study with Ryan Haupt at the University of Wyoming.
For their investigation, DeSantis and Haupt employed a new technique called dental microwear texture analysis. DMTA uses a confocal microscope to produce a three-dimensional image of the surface of a tooth. The image is then analyzed for microscopic wear patterns. The analysis of the teeth of modern carnivores, including hyenas, cheetahs and lions has established that the meals an animal consumes during the last few weeks of its life leave telltale marks. Chowing down on red meat, for example, produces small parallel scratches while chomping on bones adds larger, deeper pits. The researchers analyzed the teeth of 50 fossil and modern cougars, and compared them with the teeth of saber-tooth cats and American lions excavated from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles and the teeth of modern African carnivores including cheetahs, lions and hyenas.
Previously, DeSantis and others found that the dental wear patterns of the extinct American lions closely resembled those of modern cheetahs, which are extremely finicky eaters that mostly consume tender meat and rarely gnaw on bones. Saber-tooth cats were instead similar to African lions and chewed on both flesh and bone.
Among the La Brea cougars the researchers found significantly greater variation between individuals than they did in the other large cats, including saber-toothed cats. Some of the cougars show wear patterns similar to those of the finicky eaters but on others they found wear patterns closer to those of modern hyenas, which consume almost the entire body of their prey, bones included.
"This suggests that the Pleistocene cougars had a 'more generalized' dietary behavior," DeSantis said. "Specifically, they likely killed and often fully consumed their prey, more so than the large cats that went extinct." This is consistent with the dietary behavior and dental wear patterns of modern cougars, which are opportunistic predators and scavengers of abandoned carrion and fully consume the carcasses of small and medium-sized prey, a "variable dietary behavior that may have actually been a key to their survival."

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140422202047.htm




Cougars’ key to survival through the Late Pleistocene extinction: insights from dental microwear texture analysis

Larisa R. G. DeSantis and Ryan J. Haupt
Published 23 April 2014 doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0203
Biol. Lett. April 2014 vol. 10 no. 4 20140203

Abstract
Cougars (Puma concolor) are one of only two large cats in North America to have survived the Late Pleistocene extinction (LPE), yet the specific key(s) to their relative success remains unknown. Here, we compare the dental microwear textures of Pleistocene cougars with sympatric felids from the La Brea Tar Pits in southern California that went extinct at the LPE (Panthera atrox and Smilodon fatalis), to clarify potential dietary factors that led to the cougar's persistence through the LPE. We further assess whether the physical properties of food consumed have changed over time when compared with modern cougars in southern California. Using dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), which quantifies surface features in three dimensions, we find that modern and Pleistocene cougars are not significantly different from modern African lions in any DMTA attributes, suggesting moderate durophagy (i.e. bone processing). Pleistocene cougars from La Brea have significantly greater complexity and textural fill volume than Panthera atrox (inferred to have primarily consumed flesh from fresh kills) and significantly greater variance in complexity values than S. fatalis. Ultimately, these results suggest that cougars already used or adopted a more generalized dietary strategy during the Pleistocene that may have been key to their subsequent success.

http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/4/20140203
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:49 PM.
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Cheetahs and mountain lions hunt with utmost efficiency, studies find.

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A cheetah family relaxes at the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya.

PHOTOGRAPH BY MICHAEL POLIZA, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

Christine Dell'Amore
National Geographic
PUBLISHED OCTOBER 2, 2014

Like your pet kitty relaxing at home, cheetahs and mountain lions exert as little energy as possible and rest up for bursts of activity, two new studies reveal Thursday.

Perhaps more surprising, though, cheetahs spend only about as much energy in a day as a person does, the scientists found.

The studies are the first to calculate the actual, minute-by-minute costs of being a big, wild carnivore—information sorely needed by scientists working to save big cats, says ecologist Terrie Williams of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who led the mountain lion study.

As people alter wild habitats, they may throw this delicate balance off-kilter and make it harder for big cats to make a living, scientists caution.

The experiments tracked energy budgets for mountain lions in Santa Cruz, California, and cheetahs on two South African game reserves, measuring how many kilojoules of energy they use daily.

Cheetahs keep their energy use low, the researchers found, even after accounting for their explosive bursts of speed when taking down prey.

In fact, a cheetah's energy use is "remarkably similar" to that of a person who burns an average of 2,000 calories a day, or about 9,000 kilojoules.

"I guess both humans and cheetahs rest a lot to offset high-energy activities," said cheetah-study co-author Johnny Wilson, a biologist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.

In California pumas, specially designed radio collars—think Fitbits for big cats—show that the ambush predators exert a huge effort to take down prey, but then make up for that the rest of the time by hiding and waiting.

The studies, published Thursday in the journal Science, show that "these cats, in their own individual ways, figured out a way to make hunting cost-effective," Williams says.

"Biggest Bang for Your Energetic Buck"

Sporting more speed than brawn, cheetahs often lose their hard-won meals to more powerful rivals, like African lions. So researchers wanted to learn whether food thieves might be forcing cheetahs to spend energy chasing down more food.

Scientists captured and tranquilized 19 wild cheetahs from wildlife reserves in the Karongwe and Kalahari regions of South Africa. The team injected the animals with water containing harmless isotopes, or chemical varieties, of hydrogen and oxygen. When the cheetahs work hard, their bodies use the isotopes at different rates than when relaxing, so scientists get a measure of their energy use from the water in the cats' feces.

The scientists were surprised to find that cheetahs spend about 9,000 kilojoules a day, less than the 12,000 kilojoules predicted as an upper end, says Wilson.

In comparison, an African wild dog, which is smaller than a cheetah, burns about 15,000 kilojoules a day.

The big cats spent the most energy walking long distances to find food. Habitat development has led to fewer prey animals for cheetahs in South Africa.

"If they're going to spend more energy finding food than [they're] getting out of their food, that puts them in an energy deficit," Wilson explained.

When prey is not scarce, cheetahs are able to rest most of the day because they eat high-calorie meals—impalas, mostly.

Wilson and colleagues' finding fits perfectly into an ecological theory called optimal foraging, which says an animal will spend the least amount of energy needed to get the most energy-rich food, says Luke Dollar, a conservation scientist and head of National Geographic's Big Cats Initiative.

In other words, Dollar says, "you want the biggest bang for your energetic buck."

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A mountain lion juvenile gazes intently while walking through snow in Montana.

Pouncing Power

Unlike cheetahs, mountain lions use sheer strength to take down prey such as white-tailed deer.

Williams and colleagues used specially designed radio collars to track the American predators' movement and speed. To calibrate the collars, they put captive mountain lions on a treadmill and measured their oxygen consumption, then converted that to energy use.

"People just didn't believe you could get a mountain lion on a treadmill, and it took me three years to find a facility that was willing to try," Williams said in a statement.

The team trapped four wild mountain lions in the Santa Cruz Mountains and found they spent about 10 to 20 percent of their total daily energy taking down prey, which can be up to four times bigger than themselves.

Williams and team have not yet calculated the average kilojoules expended by a mountain lion each day.

Mountain lions will tailor the intensity of their pounce to the size of their prey, the data revealed. A bigger, more energetic pounce will take down a big buck, while a smaller pounce is all that's needed to kill a fawn.

The data are especially valuable because mountain lion attacks are rarely witnessed, Williams says. To get an idea of what the attacks are like, though, Williams recommends the viral video of "Hero Cat," a domestic cat that body-blocked a dog attacking a boy in May.

"Anyone who's seen that video," she says, "will know how a mountain lion will take down a deer."

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141002-big-cats-cheetahs-mountain-lions-animals-energy-science/




Flexible energetics of cheetah hunting strategies provide resistance against kleptoparasitism

David M. Scantlebury, Michael G. L. Mills, Rory P. Wilson, John W. Wilson, Margaret E. J. Mills, Sarah M. Durant, Nigel C. Bennett, Peter Bradford, Nikki J. Marks, John R. Speakman
Science 3 October 2014:
Vol. 346 no. 6205 pp. 79-81
DOI: 10.1126/science.1256424

ABSTRACT
Population viability is driven by individual survival, which in turn depends on individuals balancing energy budgets. As carnivores may function close to maximum sustained power outputs, decreased food availability or increased activity may render some populations energetically vulnerable. Prey theft may compromise energetic budgets of mesopredators, such as cheetahs and wild dogs, which are susceptible to competition from larger carnivores. We show that daily energy expenditure (DEE) of cheetahs was similar to size-based predictions and positively related to distance traveled. Theft at 25% only requires cheetahs to hunt for an extra 1.1 hour per day, increasing DEE by just 12%. Therefore, not all mesopredators are energetically constrained by direct competition. Other factors that increase DEE, such as those that increase travel, may be more important for population viability.

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6205/79.abstract

Instantaneous energetics of puma kills reveal advantage of felid sneak attacks

Terrie M. Williams, Lisa Wolfe, Tracy Davis, Traci Kendall, Beau Richter, Yiwei Wang, Caleb Bryce, Gabriel Hugh Elkaim, Christopher C. Wilmers
Science 3 October 2014:
Vol. 346 no. 6205 pp. 81-85
DOI: 10.1126/science.1254885

ABSTRACT
Pumas (Puma concolor) live in diverse, often rugged, complex habitats. The energy they expend for hunting must account for this complexity but is difficult to measure for this and other large, cryptic carnivores. We developed and deployed a physiological SMART (species movement, acceleration, and radio tracking) collar that used accelerometry to continuously monitor energetics, movements, and behavior of free-ranging pumas. This felid species displayed marked individuality in predatory activities, ranging from low-cost sit-and-wait behaviors to constant movements with energetic costs averaging 2.3 times those predicted for running mammals. Pumas reduce these costs by remaining cryptic and precisely matching maximum pouncing force (overall dynamic body acceleration = 5.3 to 16.1g) to prey size. Such instantaneous energetics help to explain why most felids stalk and pounce, and their analysis represents a powerful approach for accurately forecasting resource demands required for survival by large, mobile predators.

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6205/81.abstract
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:52 PM.
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Study of mountain lion energetics shows the power of the pounce

Date: October 2, 2014
Source: University of California - Santa Cruz
Summary:
High-tech collars enabled scientists to record the energetics of mountain lion hunting behavior, showing why cats use "stalk and pounce" and how they overpower large prey.

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The SMART wildlife collar is equipped with GPS, accelerometers, and a magnetometer to provide detailed data on where the animal is and what it is doing.

Scientists at UC Santa Cruz, using a new wildlife tracking collar they developed, were able to continuously monitor the movements of mountain lions in the wild and determine how much energy the big cats use to stalk, pounce, and overpower their prey.
The research team's findings, published October 3 in Science, help explain why most cats use a "stalk and pounce" hunting strategy. The new "SMART" wildlife collar--equipped with GPS, accelerometers, and other high-tech features--tells researchers not just where an animal is but what it is doing and how much its activities "cost" in terms of energy expenditure.
"What's really exciting is that we can now say, here's the cost of being a mountain lion in the wild and what they need in terms of calories to live in this environment," said first author Terrie Williams, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UC Santa Cruz. "Understanding the energetics of wild animals moving in complex environments is valuable information for developing better wildlife management plans."
The researchers were able to quantify, for example, the high energetic costs of traveling over rugged terrain compared to the low cost of "cryptic" hunting behaviors such as sit-and-wait or stalk-and-ambush movements. During the actual pounce and kill, the cats invest a lot of energy in a short time to overpower their prey. Data from the collars showed that mountain lions adjust the amount of energy they put into the initial pounce to account for the size of their prey.
"They know how big a pounce they need to bring down prey that are much bigger than themselves, like a full-grown buck, and they'll use a much smaller pounce for a fawn," Williams said.

Cats on treadmills

Before Williams and her team could interpret the data from collars deployed on wild mountain lions, however, they first had to perform calibration studies with mountain lions in captivity. This meant, among other things, training mountain lions to walk and run on a treadmill and measuring their oxygen consumption at different activity levels. Those studies took a bit longer than planned.
"People just didn't believe you could get a mountain lion on a treadmill, and it took me three years to find a facility that was willing to try," Williams said.
Finally, she met Lisa Wolfe, a veterinarian with Colorado Parks and Wildlife, who had three captive mountain lions (siblings whose mother had been killed by a hunter) at a research facility near Fort Collins, Colorado. After eight months of training by Wolfe, the mountain lions were comfortable on the treadmill and Williams started collecting data.

Power animals

According to Williams, the treadmill data showed that mountain lions do not have the aerobic capacity for sustained, high-energy activity. "They are power animals. They have a slow routine walking speed and use a burst of speed and the force of the pounce to knock down or overpower their prey," she said.
In addition to the treadmill studies, the captive cats were videotaped wearing the collars while doing a wide range of activities in a large outdoor enclosure. This provided a library of collar acceleration signatures specific for different behaviors, from resting and grooming to running and pouncing. "We got all the different behaviors videotaped and analyzed with the corresponding accelerometer traces," Williams said.
Meanwhile, coauthor Chris Wilmers led a team that deployed the collars on wild cats in the Santa Cruz mountains. Wilmers, an associate professor of environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, leads the Santa Cruz Puma Project, which has been tracking mountain lions in the area to study the effects of habitat fragmentation and developing new technology for understanding the animals' behavior and energetics.
"Because mountain lions are a cryptic animal, we can't really observe them hunting and killing prey. With the SMART collars, we can see how they go about doing that, what their strategies are, and how many calories they are expending to do it," Wilmers said. "The ability to estimate the field energetics of animals in the wild opens up a whole new suite of questions we can ask about the ecology of these animals, which ultimately informs not only our basic understanding of them but also their conservation and management."

State-of-the-art collars

Coauthor Gabriel Elkaim, professor of computer engineering at UCSC's Baskin School of Engineering, worked on signal processing of the accelerometer data and is continuing to develop the state-of-the-art tracking collars. The prototype used in this study, called the Species Movement, Acceleration, and Radio Tracking (SMART) wildlife collar, was developed by computer engineering graduate student Matthew Rutishauser. The collars include a GPS unit, accelerometers, and a magnetometer to provide detailed data on where an animal is and what it is doing. "We hope this will be an enabling technology to allow a much greater depth of understanding of animals in the wild," Elkaim said.
The researchers now want to look at mountain lion energetics in a range of different habitat types. In particular, Wilmers said, he is interested in how human land use and habitat fragmentation may be influencing the energetic demands on mountain lions in the wild. Williams and her students also have projects using the new collar technology to study other large carnivores, including wolves, polar bears, and Weddell seals.
"A lot of these large carnivore species are threatened or endangered, and understanding their physiological limitations has been a big missing piece in conservation planning," Williams said. "This technology gives us a whole new level understanding of what these animals are doing and what it costs them to live in the wild, and that can really help move the science of conservation forward."
In addition to Williams, Wilmers, Wolfe, and Elkaim, the coauthors of the paper include Tracy Davis at Colorado Parks and Wildlife; program manager Traci Kendall and head trainer Beau Richter in Williams's lab at UC Santa Cruz; and UCSC graduate students Yiwei Wang and Caleb Bryce. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141002141749.htm




Journal Reference:
T. M. Williams, L. Wolfe, T. Davis, T. Kendall, B. Richter, Y. Wang, C. Bryce, G. H. Elkaim, C. C. Wilmers. Instantaneous energetics of puma kills reveal advantage of felid sneak attacks. Science, 2014; 346 (6205): 81 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254885

ABSTRACT
Pumas (Puma concolor) live in diverse, often rugged, complex habitats. The energy they expend for hunting must account for this complexity but is difficult to measure for this and other large, cryptic carnivores. We developed and deployed a physiological SMART (species movement, acceleration, and radio tracking) collar that used accelerometry to continuously monitor energetics, movements, and behavior of free-ranging pumas. This felid species displayed marked individuality in predatory activities, ranging from low-cost sit-and-wait behaviors to constant movements with energetic costs averaging 2.3 times those predicted for running mammals. Pumas reduce these costs by remaining cryptic and precisely matching maximum pouncing force (overall dynamic body acceleration = 5.3 to 16.1g) to prey size. Such instantaneous energetics help to explain why most felids stalk and pounce, and their analysis represents a powerful approach for accurately forecasting resource demands required for survival by large, mobile predators.

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6205/81
Edited by Taipan, Oct 13 2017, 01:53 PM.
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Michigan DNR confirms cougar sightings in U.P.
Tom Greenwood, The Detroit News 2:41 p.m. EST November 10, 2014
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The Michigan Department of Natural Resources has confirmed photos of two recent sightings of a cougar in the Upper Peninsula.

DNR officials believe the cat (puma concolor couguar) is probably the same animal in each photo, which were snapped by a trail camera in Mackinac County in November and another with a cellphone in Chippewa County in late October.

This marks the 25th and 26th times that cougar evidence has been verified. There have been evidence or sightings in 11 counties in the eastern U.P., according to Debbie Munson Badini, deputy information officer for the DNR office in Marquette.

“We like to let people know about the sightings so there’s no misinformation out there,” Munson Badini said. “Cougar photos go wild online. These photos have been confirmed as being in Michigan. Many other times we see photos that turn out to be from other states, like Arizona.”

The DNR believes the cougars probably moved into Michigan after traveling east from the Dakotas, where there is an established population.

“They end up in the U.P. looking for a mate,” Munson Badini said.“When they can’t find one, they usually move farther east or go back to the Dakotas. We had one cougar that ended up in Connecticut and was hit by a car. DNA testing showed it was the same animal that was in Michigan earlier.”

Specialists who have studied the photos say it appears to be a male and in pretty decent shape. Biologists have no idea how many of the big cats are in Michigan, but they’re certain there is no breeding population because there aren’t any female cougars.

According to the DNR, one of the photos was taken by a camera phone on private property near Chippewa County’s Raber Township while the other was captured by a trail camera on public land in Mackinac County near Garfield Township.

“Even though we’ve never confirmed any cougar sightings in the Lower Peninsula, we’d like to hear from people who believe they’ve seen one,” Munson Badini said. “If you find some tracks, or take a photo, please let us know. Some people believe the DNR isn’t interested in hearing about cougars, but that’s just not so.”

Since cougars are an endangered species, hunting is not allowed in Michigan unless it is a potentially life threatening situation.

The DNR has established a website offering information about cougars and a form that can be submitted concerning possible sightings.

The site can be found at www.michigan.gov/cougars.

TGreenwood@detroitnews.com

(313) 222-2023

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http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2014/11/10/michigan-cougar-upper-penninsula/18809367/
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