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| Spanish (Iberian) Ibex - Capra pyrenaica | |
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| Tweet Topic Started: Jan 5 2013, 05:27 AM (6,467 Views) | |
| Bucardo | Jan 5 2013, 05:27 AM Post #1 |
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Unicellular Organism
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Spanish (Iberian) Ibex - Capra pyrenaica![]() Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Genus: Capra Species: Capra pyrenaica The Iberian ibex, Spanish ibex, Spanish wild goat, or Iberian wild goat (Capra pyrenaica) is a species of ibex with four subspecies. Of these, two can still be found on the Iberian Peninsula, but the remaining two are now extinct. The Portuguese subspecies became extinct in 1892 and the Pyrenean subspecies became extinct on January 6, 2000. An ongoing project to clone to the Pyrenean subspecies resulted in one clone being born alive in January 2009. This is the first taxon to become "un-extinct", although the clone died a few minutes after birth due to physical defects in lungs. Habitat The Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica populates the Iberian Peninsula and consisted originally of four subspecies. However with recent extinctions occurring within the last century, only two of the subspecies still exist. These two subspecies of ibexes, the Capra pyrenaica hispanica and the Capra pyrenaica victoriae, can be found along the Spanish Iberian Peninsula and have even migrated and settled into the coast of Portugal. Characteristics Capra pyrenaica are strong mountainous animals characterized by their large and flexible hooves and short legs. These physical adaptations allow them to be able to run and leap on bare, rocky, rough, and steep slopes. This gives them an advantage over potential predators that possibly cannot reach them because of the terrain. The Iberian ibex also shows remarkable sexual dimorphism, with males being greater in size and weight and also having larger horns as the females. The horns of the ibexes are different among wild caprids as they curve out and up and then back, inward, and, depending on subspecies, either up again or down. The annual horn growth is influenced principally by age but can also be contributed by environmental factors and the growth made in the previous year. Even though the female ibexes are smaller, they have a faster ossification process and typically finish full bone development nearly two years before males. Mating Iberian ibex establish two types of social groups: male-only groups and females with young juvenile groups. It is during rutting season (November/December) that the males interact with the females in order to reproduce. Allocation to testes mass was greatest in the rutting season, particularly at ages that are associated with a subordinate status and a coursing, rather than mate-guarding, reproductive strategy. Mixed groups are also common during the rest of the winter. During the birth season, the yearling are separated from the female groups at the time of the new births. The males are the first to separate and return to their male-only groups while the yearlings eventually return back to their mothers and spend their next few years with the group. ![]() Predatory Response The Spanish ibex has a unique way of signaling others when a potential predator has been spotted. First the ibex will have an erect posture with its ears and head pointing in the direction of the potential predator. The caller will then signal the other ibexes in the group with one or more alarm calls. Once the group has heard the alarm calls, they will flee to another area that is usually an advantageous vantage point like a rocky slope where the predator cannot reach. Interestingly, the ibex usually flees in a very coordinated fashion that is led by an experienced adult female in female-juvenile groups and an experienced male in male-only groups. This possibly allows the group to escape in a more efficient way as the more experienced ibex will know which slope to run to. However since their alarm calls consists of an abrupt explosive whistle, it can easily be heard by predators and quickly be located even from farther distances. Food The Iberian ibex is generally a mixed feeder between a browsing (herbivory) type of feeder and a grazer, depending on the plant availability in their home range. Thus, the percentage of each type of resource that is consumed will vary altitudinally, geographically, and seasonally. The ibex also has a special mechanism in the kidney that stores fat in order to be used as energy during the cold winter times. The highest body storage of kidney fat can be found during the productive warm seasons and the lowest during the cold period. The body storage is characterized by limited the food resources. Foraging in ibexes is also different depending on the season. When food resources are low during the winter, ibexes would reduce their rates of movement when foraging. However during the spring season, when food is more available, they would increase their rate of movement and become more mobile in finding food. This would be the ideal trend of movement since the spring season is more abundant in food resources meaning that there is more competition for food resources forcing some to trek farther in order to obtain food. ![]() Preservation The populations of Capra pyrenaica have decreased significantly over the last centuries. This can be due to a combination of contributing factors such as great hunting pressure, agricultural development and habitat deterioration. Around 1890, one of the subspecies, C. pyrenaica lusitanica, also known as the Portuguese Ibex, became extinct from its range in the Portuguese Sierra de Geres and Galicia. By the mid-nineteenth century, another of the four subspecies, the Pyrenean ibex, came from the French Pyrenees and the Pyrenean subspecies became extinct in January 2000, when the last adult female died in the Ordesa National Park. There are also a series of threats in an effort towards ibex conservation; such as population overabundance, disease, and potential competition with domestic livestock and other ungulates, along with the negative effects of human disturbance through tourism and hunting. Until recently, ibexes from Southern Spain have also become exposed to diseases and outbreaks like sarcoptic mange. This disease, potentially fatal for infected individuals, unequally affects males and females and it limits the reproductive investment of individuals. Scabies has become the main destabilizing factor in many populations of Iberian ibex. Subspecies Western Spanish Ibex or Gredos Ibex - Capra pyrenaica victoriae Cabrera, 1911 Southeastern Spanish Ibex or Beceite Ibex - Capra pyrenaica hispanica Schimper, 1848 Portuguese Ibex - Capra pyrenaica lusitanica Schlegel, 1872 (extinct) Pyrenean Ibex - Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Schinz, 1838 (extinct) The Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) was one of the four subspecies of Spanish ibex, or also known as Iberian wild goats, which are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Pyrenean ibex were most common in Cantabrian Mountains, Southern France and in the Northern Pyrenees. This species was common during the Holocene and Upper Pleistocene, during which their morphology, primarily some skulls, of the Pyrenean ibex was found to be larger than other Capra in southwestern Europe from the same time. In January 2000, the Pyrenean ibex became extinct as scientists attempted to clone DNA from one of the last females. The Pyrenean ibex left behind the Western Spanish Ibex, or Gredos Ibex, and the Southeastern Spanish Ibex, or Beceite Ibex, while the Portuguese Ibex became extinct. Since the last of the Pyrenean ibex went extinct before scientist could adequately analyze them, the taxonomy of this particular subspecies is controversial regarding whether it was larger than other subspecies or not. Contents 1 History 2 Behaviour and physical characteristics 3 Habitat 4 Extinction 5 Cloning project 6 References 7 External links History There are multiple theories regarding the evolution and historical migration of the C. Pyrenaica into the Spanish peninsula. Scientists, including paleontologists and geneticists, should continue to find paleologic, phylogenetic, and other evidence to discover a molecular connection between the different subspecies. Knowing the history of the species can better teach scientists how the ibex and C. Pyrenaica affected the region and could provide a new understanding for the relationship between subspecies. One possibility is that the C. Pyrenaica evolved from an ancestor related to C. caucasica from the Middle East at “the beginning of the last glacial period (120-80 ky).” The Pyrenaica most likely moved from the northern Alps and traveled through southern France into the Pyrenees area at the beginning of Magdalenian period at about 18 kya. If this is the case then the C. caucasica praepyrenaica may have been more different from the other three ibex species that lived in the Spanish peninsula than scientists currently know. For example, this would mean that the C. pyrenaica (possible migration 18ky) and C. ibex (300 ky earlier migration) would have evolved from different ancestors and been morphologically more different from their separate genes. It is known that all four subspecies lived together in the Upper Pleistocene time, but scientists are unsure of how much genetic exchange there could have been. The problem with this theory is that genetics suggest that the C. pyrenaica and C. ibex could have shared a more common origin, possibly the C. camburgensis. There are many variations of when the Pyrenaica or Ibex migrated and evolved in the Spanish peninsula first. It is a possibility that the C. Pyrenaica was living in the Spanish Peninsula by the time that the ibexes began to migrate through the Alps. Genetic evidence also supports the theory that multiple Capra subspecies migrated to the Spanish region at around the same time period. Hybridization may have been possible, but the results are not conclusive. Behaviour and physical characteristics The Pyrenean Ibex had short fur which varied according to seasons. During the summer, its hair was short and come winter, the hair grows longer and thicker to accommodate the weather. The abundance and length of hair on the Ibex’s neck remained the same throughout all seasons. Male and female Ibexes could be easily depicted due to color and fur differences. A male Ibex is commonly a faded greyish brown during the summer. Males are decorated with black in several places on the body such as the mane, forelegs and forehead. In the Winter, the Ibex is less radiant with its color. A male transforms from a greyish brown to a dull grey and where the spots were once decorated with black, it became dull and faded as well. A female Ibex on the other hand can easily be mistaken for a deer since its fur was brown throughout the summer. Unlike the male ibex, a female will lack black coloring. However, the offspring of the ibexes would result to looking like a female during the first year of life. A male Ibex is known for its intricate horns which appear large and thick “curving outwards and backwards then outwards and downwards then inwards and upwards.” The surface of the horn is rough containing ridges that develop progressively with age. Its rings are said to each represent a year, so if one were to count an Ibex’s rings, the total would correspond to the Ibex’s age. Just like in color, the female is different than a male in its horn structure as well. Unlike the long, complex horn of males, a female possesses a short, cylindrical horn. Ibexes (male and female) had the diet of a herbivore. They mostly fed on greens such as grass and herbs. Pyrenean Ibexes migrated according to seasons. During Spring, the ibex would migrate to more elevated parts of mountains where females and males would mate. After the mating sessions, females would normally leave the males behind so they can give birth in a more isolated area. Birthing season is typically during the month of May. Like most mammals, the Ibex only gives birth to one offspring. Twins aren’t impossible to give birth to but it is highly unlikely. During the winter, the Ibexes would migrate to valleys that aren’t covered in snow. These valleys allowed them to continue their diet regardless of the change in season. Habitat The species has been often spotted throughout the areas of France, Portugal, Spain, and Andorra but not as much in northern areas of the Iberian Peninsula. In areas like Andorra and France in the mainland, the Pyrenean Ibex was extinct originally in the northern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. The Pyrenean Ibex was estimated to have 50,000 individuals with more than 50 other sub groups that ranged from the Sierra Nevadas to Sierra Morena and Muela de Cortes. Many of these sub groups lived and thrived in sierras and ranges of the sort, which expanded into Spain and into Portugal. The last remains of the Pyrenean Ibex was spotted in areas of Middle and Eastern Pyrenees all of which were below twelve hundred meters of altitude. However, in areas of southern France and surrounding areas, the ibex was founded to Upper Pleistocene and Holocene which would range from 350–925 meters and between 1190–2240 meters, making it the highest elevations for Pyrenean Ibexes to be spotted at. Pyrenean Ibex was quite abundant up until the 14th century and numbers did not dwindle down in the region until the mid 19th century. Pyrenean Ibexes tend to live in rocky habitats that are filled with cliffs and trees interspersed with scrub or pine trees. However, small patches of rocks in farmland or various areas along the Iberian coast would be livable conditions for the Pyrenean Ibex. The ibex was able to thrive well in its’ environment as long as the appropriate habitat is available because they were able to disperse rapidly and colonize quickly. Pyreneans Ibexes were also good sources of revenue to the local areas that they thrive in, which may have been a cause to their eventual extinctions. Researchers say that the eventual downfall of the Pyreneans Ibex may have been caused by continuous hunting and even perhaps that the animal could not compete with the other live stock in the area. However, definite reasons for the extinction of this animal is still unknown. The subspecies once ranged across the Pyrenees in France and Spain and the surrounding area, including the Basque Country, Navarre, north Aragon and north Catalonia. A few hundred years ago they were numerous, but by 1900 their numbers had fallen to fewer than 100. From 1910 onwards, their numbers never rose above 40, and the subspecies was found only in a small part of Ordesa National Park, in Huesca. Extinction The Pyrenean Ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica), also called the Bucardo, was one of four subspecies of the Spanish ibex. The first to become extinct was the Portuguese ibex (Capra pyrenaica lusitanica) in 1892. The Pyrenean ibex was the second, with the last individual, a female called Cecilia, found dead in 2000. In the Middle Ages, Pyrenean ibex were very abundant in the Pyrenees region but decreased rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries due to hunting pressure. In the second half of the 20th century only a small population survived in the National Odessa Park situated in the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Competition with domestic and wild ungulates also contributed the extinction of the Pyrenean Ibex. Much of the range of the Spanish Ibex was shared with sheep, domestic goats, cattle and horses, especially in summer months when it was in high mountain pastures. This led to interspecific competition (Fandos, 1991; Martínez, 1992) and overgrazing, which affected the ibex particularly in dry years. In addition, the introduction of alochtonous wild ungulate species in areas occupied by the ibex (e.g. Fallow Deer and Mouflon in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park) increased the grazing pressure, as well as the risk of transmission of both native and exotic diseases (Fandos & Reig,1992). The last natural Pyrenean ibex, a female named Celia, was found dead on January 6, 2000, next to a fallen tree. Although her cause of death is known, the reason for the extinction of the subspecies as a whole is a mystery. Some hypotheses include the inability to compete with other species for food, infections and diseases, and poaching. The Pyrenean ibex became the first taxon ever to become "un-extinct", for a period of seven minutes in January 2009, when a cloned female Ibex was born alive and survived a short time, before dying from lung defects. Cloning project The biotechnology company Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. announced on October 8, 2000 that the Spanish government has agreed to their offer to use nuclear transfer cloning technology in collaboration with other scientific partners to clone the Pyrenean ibex, also known as a bucardo, from the tissue that was taken in 1999. The cloned individual was captured in National Ordesa Park in Huesca, Spain; skin biopsies were taken and cryopreserved in nitrogen. Celia, the last ibex, died a year after donating tissue from her ear. It was expected to be easier than the cloning experiment of endangered gaur (Bos gaurus), as the reproductive biology of goats is better known and the normal gestation period is only five months. In addition, only certain extinct animals are candidates for cloning because of the need for a suitable proxy surrogate to carry the clone to term. ATC has agreed with the government of Aragon that the future cloned Pyrenean ibexes will be returned to their original habitat. Celia provided suitable tissue samples for cloning. However, attempts to clone her have highlighted a major problem: even if it were possible to produce another healthy Pyrenean ibex, there are no males for the female clone to breed with. To produce a viable population of a previously extinct animal, there will need to be genetic samples from many individuals to create genetic diversity in the cloned population. This is a major obstacle to reestablishing an extinct species population through cloning. One solution could be to cross Celia's clones with males of another subspecies, although the offspring would not be pure Pyrenean ibex. A more ambitious plan would be to remove one X chromosome and add a Y chromosome from another still-existing subspecies, creating a male Pyrenean ibex, but such technology does not yet exist and it is not known whether this will be feasible at all without irreparably damaging the cell. Three teams of scientists, two Spanish and one French, are involved in the cloning project. One of the Spanish teams was led by Dr. Jose Folch of Zaragoza, from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon. The other teams had researchers from the National Research Institute of Agriculture and Food in Madrid. The project is coordinated by the Food and Agricultural Investigation Service of the Government of Aragon (Spanish: Servicio de Investigación Agroalimentaria del Gobierno de Aragón) and by the National Institute of Investigation and Food and Agrarian Technology (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria). The National Institute of Agrarian Investigation of France is also involved in the project. Researchers took adult somatic cells from the tissue and fused them with oocytes from goats that had their nuclei removed. The purpose of removing the nuclei from the goats’ oocytes was to extract all the DNA of the goat, so there would be no genetic contribution to the clone from the egg donor. The resultant embryos were transferred into a domestic goat (Capra hircus), to act as a surrogate mother. The first cloning attempts in 2003 failed. Of the 285 embryos reconstructed, 54 were transferred to 12 mountain goat and mountain goat-domesticated goat hybrids, but only two survived the initial two months of gestation before they too died. In 2009, one clone was born alive, but died seven minutes later, due to physical defects in the lungs. There was an atelectasis and an extra lobe in the left lung. This is not surprising, as lung defects have occurred in sheep clones before; the famous clone Dolly had a different sort of lung defect. Atelectasis doesn’t allow normal oxygen absorption to healthy tissues and is often related to a pneumothorax. DNA decomposes even when frozen, and the DNA is worse off because it was taken from an aged individual (Celia was 13). Aged DNA is known to cause cloned animals problems because of shortened telomeres, resulting in decreased lifespans. This means that had the clone survived the initial problems, it still would have had a shortened lifespan. However, the offspring of clones would have normal lifespans. This was the first attempt to revive an extinct subspecies. Text extracted from Wikipedia. Edited by Taipan, Jan 15 2013, 01:27 PM.
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| Bucardo | Jan 5 2013, 07:03 AM Post #2 |
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Unicellular Organism
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Consultation on territorial projects reintroduction of ibex in the Pyrenees November 19, 2012 The National Strategy for restoration of Ibex in France resulted in the Alpine massif more than fifteen release operations in different national or regional parks. To the Pyrenees and the specific species of our massive (Capra pyrenaica), Pyrenean Strategy Valuation of Biodiversity has provided a component ibex to reconstruct a Pyrenean population from individuals of the species from Spain. In this context, two reintroduction projects are brought one by the Pyrenees National Park in the Hautes-Pyrenees, the other by the Regional Natural Park of the Ariège Ariège Pyrenees. A prefectural fixed in each department concerned, the modalities for public consultation. Documents submitted for consultation are: The Restoration Plan Ibex (Capra Pyrenaica) in the French Pyrenees from 2012 to 2020 Feasibility study of the project A note describing the non-technical project Demand for introduction of ibex into the environment. ![]() Edited by Bucardo, Jan 5 2013, 07:49 AM.
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| Mesopredator | Jan 5 2013, 07:09 AM Post #3 |
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Disaster taxa
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Magnificent creature. Maybe you should make this a new species profile? |
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| pars | Jan 7 2013, 03:40 AM Post #4 |
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Autotrophic Organism
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Dear Bucardo, Unfortunately pyrenean region is losing blood in terms of habitat. What about other subspecies of Spanish Ibex? Do you still have mouflon in Pyrenean region? And does Spain and France has any project to reintroduce or ensure revival of species ike Ibex, mouflon and Eurasian lynx? |
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| Ausar | Jan 7 2013, 08:18 AM Post #5 |
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Xi-miqa-can! Xi-miqa-can! Xi-miqa-can!
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You see, this goes to show that while animal cloning sounds intriguing and can work sometimes, the animals die easily. 7 minutes after the cloned Pyrenean Ibex was born, it died, and the subspecies was once again extinct. |
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| Bucardo | Jan 7 2013, 08:28 AM Post #6 |
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Unicellular Organism
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Sorry, my English is very bad, I'm Spanish. The Pyrenees is a region with great natural potential. Was very deforested Pyrenees in the Spanish region a century ago and lost many wildlife species in the twentieth century, but now the Pyrenees has fully recovered its forests and its wildlife has also begun to recover. In the Spanish Pyrenees no project to reintroduce the Eurasian lynx yet, but many environmentalists are already calling for its reintroduction. The wolf has started to arrive in the eastern Pyrenees from Italy and have been sightings of some lone wolves along the Pyrenees that come from the Iberian population. The bear is held with a small number of animals, most of them from reintroductions from Slovenia. This population needs more bears to consolidate, but there are many problems with ranchers and their cattle. The bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) has regained its population and now are beginning to donate some of them to other reintroduction projects in other parts of Spain. The red deer, roe deer, chamois and wild boar have greatly increased their populations, but are not yet large enough. The mouflon are found primarily in the eastern Pyrenees, the mouflon population comes from Corsica. At this time Spain and France are preparing a project to reintroduce the Spanish ibex in the Pyrenees to replace the Pyrenean ibex subspecies that became extinct in the past. News about the reintroduction of Spanish ibex. The cloning project did not end very well, but while scientists have managed to clone a bucardo, never could have created a large population of ibex feasible to return to nature because of their DNA variability was minimal and had only brought trouble to long term. Edited by Bucardo, Jan 7 2013, 08:36 AM.
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| firefly | Jan 7 2013, 09:56 AM Post #7 |
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Herbivore
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I think that it will be possible to see eurasian lynx recolonizing Spain by their own. These felines are spreading very well and fast in France, being now already in Massif Central! Will the Pyrinees represent a barrier? 2 «traditional» Pleistocene natural corridors, from both lateral sides of this mountain chain, are a bit too humanized, but maybe there still enough natural regions to be considered as remnants of the traditional Pleistocene spreading route. And a good question: do have Pyrinees passages on the middle? I mean, less hilly places or valleys connecting both ecoregions? If yes, I guess that it aren´t that common. But if an Italian wolf can, why not the Eurasian lynx? Edited by firefly, Jan 7 2013, 10:27 AM.
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| Bucardo | Jan 7 2013, 10:28 AM Post #8 |
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Unicellular Organism
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From the eastern to the western Pyrenees is all the same mountain range, in the end the mountains are less high than in the center, but there are always mountains and forest along the Pyrenees. I do not think an animal like a bobcat find great difficulty in moving along the Pyrenees unseen. |
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| firefly | Jan 7 2013, 10:59 AM Post #9 |
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Herbivore
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So it´s mainly like I thought. For some reason, those corridors are used for thousands and thousands of years. Now a bit more about the Portuguese subspecie: http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/portugueseibex.htm ![]() Young male (?). ![]() Portugal has ibex again, but it´s C. p. victoriae. I think that genetic studies will be really interesting to be performed. Edited by firefly, Jan 7 2013, 11:01 AM.
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| pars | Jan 7 2013, 06:59 PM Post #10 |
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Autotrophic Organism
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Thank you Bucardo and Firefly for this information. I had read an article about the possible existence of Euro lynx in Pyrenean region, especially in French part. THere ae some reports of sighting and tracks...Do you think that Euro lynx is still existing in Pyrenean region? Following these reintroduction the region will constitute a good prey base for Eurolynxes, Volwes and Bears: Ibex, Chamosi, Mouflon, Red Deer, Roe Deer and Boar... |
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| Bucardo | Jan 7 2013, 09:29 PM Post #11 |
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Unicellular Organism
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I do not think there are ancient boreal lynx population yet, but surely can appear anytime lynx from other parts of France. Now begin to find more and more ancient remains of lynx in northern Spain in the Cantabrian area, so it is thought that the lynx lived across northern Spain. About the portuguese ibex, I think all the spanish ibex and portuguese ibex formed a metapopulation in the past with slight differences. When humans began to hunt the ibex, goats to be less at certain points empezador to differ in appearance, but the differences were minimal. The Pyrenean ibex, the Pyrenean ibex was the most different, because it seems that in its DNA blood also had the old Alpine ibex. |
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| Bucardo | Jan 8 2013, 07:40 AM Post #12 |
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Unicellular Organism
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I leave a documentary about the Spanish ibex, is an older program but of high quality. Two episodes of the series "Man and Earth" of Felix Rodriguez de la Fuente, here in Spain this series was very famous. The images are of high quality but are from decades ago. I hope you like. Man and Earth- Spanish ibex 1. Man and Earth- Spanish ibex 2. |
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